MICROSCOPÍA ELECTRÓNICA DE TRANSMISIÓN (TEM) 86 

I mplementers need consistent and long- term funding to ensure that all of their

up HWTS will rely on providing varying amounts of funding to numerous implementers,

following costs should be considered: • • • • • •

• earned revenue from households, • government partnerships.

The k ey for implementers to obtain funding is to k now whom to ask for support, to

• •

capital costs can— and in some cases should— be subsidiz ed. •

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PARTICIPANT MO DU L E 3 . I M P L E M E NTA TI O N O F HO U SE HO L D WA TE R TR E A TM E NT A ND SA F E STO R A G E

3 .6 .1

demand, supplying products and services and monitoring) are not thoroughly considered,

3 .6 .2

(i.e. hardware).

donor funding and government partnerships to generate widespread acceptance and

3 .6 .3

replenished on a regular basis and therefore have ongoing recurrent costs; they generally have no capital costs. D urable products have capital costs and minimal recurrent costs.

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• Fully subsidized as a public good: Households receive the HWTS product without paying any money.

• Subsidized with parti al cost recovery: Households pay for a porti on of the HWTS product cost.

• Full cost recovery: Households pay for the full cost of the HWTS product.

• Full cost recovery with profi t: Households pay for the full cost of the HWTS product plus an additi onal cost allowing it to be sold on a commercial basis.

It is generally agreed and widely accepted that for programmes to be sustainable, households should pay the full cost of consumable products and recurrent costs.

However, some form of cost sharing is usually required to make the capital cost of durable products accessible to the poor. Durable products are oft en parti ally subsidized so that households contribute a small porti on of the product cost, whether it is monetary or in kind. It is important to consider both the ability and the willingness of the households to pay. Implementers have also set diff erent prices for the technology depending on the wealth of the household in the community. This way, higher-income households pay more and cross-subsidize the costs for lower-income families. Research has shown that the poor will pay, but payment needs to be fl exible to their situati on.

Implementers must engage donors to provide the necessary funding to cover the product subsidies given to households.

MovInG FRoM SUBSIDIeS To FUll CoST ReCoveRy—CeRAMIC FIlTeRS,

CAMBODIA

Internati onal Development Enterprises Cambodia (IDE) and Resource Development Internati onal– Cambodia (RDI) have been manufacturing and distributi ng ceramic pot fi lters in Cambodia since 2001 and 2003, respecti vely. Their producti on is evolving from implementati on subsidized by nongovernmental organizati ons to market-based, full cost-recovery programmes. The ceramic fi lters are accessible to all but the very poorest households.

IDE has four regional distributors covering 131 retailers in 19 provinces, operati ng on a full cost- recovery basis. They ended subsidized distributi on of fi lters in 2005. IDE sells about 22 000 fi lters each year at full cost (US$ 7.50 to US$ 9.50)—about half to nongovernmental organizati on partners and the other half through retailers.

RDI is able to sell about 23 000 fi lters a year at full cost (US$ 8.00) through direct sales to users, local contract vendors and sales to nongovernmental organizati ons and government agencies. A relati vely small number of fi lters are also distributed at subsidized cost to villages in a programme led by nongovernmental organizati ons. The subsidies are targeted to the poorest households, as determined by a means assessment, and the costs vary from US$ 1 to US$ 7.

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PARTICIPANT MODULE 3. IMPLEMENTATION OF HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE

3.6.4 Monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring and follow-up visits are essential to support people as they learn to incorporate HWTS into their daily routines. This helps to ensure proper and consistent use of HWTS over the long term.

The cost of monitoring and follow-up is not limited to household visits. Other expenses such as water quality testing, technical troubleshooting and reinforcement education and training, as well as programme evaluation, are important and should be considered as well.

There are many funding options for monitoring and evaluation activities. In some cases, donors support monitoring during the programme period, after which the funding must come from other sources. Local government institutions and/or community health promoters are often encouraged to conduct monitoring and follow-up well beyond the programme period, so the costs are essentially shifted over to their agencies or organizations. In other cases, the cost of monitoring and follow-up is incorporated into the overall product cost to be recovered at the time of sale. Occasionally, some implementers may charge a service fee to households for monitoring, troubleshooting and technical repair services.

3.7 Implementation of case studies

A review of HWTS programmes highlights the diversity of implementers and the wide range of strategies they use to create their own unique approaches to implementation. Even within the same country, there is an assortment of implementers, situational contexts and strategies. This level of complexity makes it difficult to simplify implementation into typical approaches. However, social and commercial marketing are two approaches that are emerging and being used by a variety of implementers. In particular, the case studies highlight the strategies used by the implementer to address the following:

• creating demand for HWTS,

• supplying HWTS products and services, • monitoring and continuous improvement, • building human capacity,

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SoCIAl MARkeTInG—SAFe WATeR SySTeMS, PoPUlATIon SeRvICeS

InTeRnATIonAl (PSI)

PSI is the largest social marketi ng nongovernmental organizati on in the world and seeks to engage private sector resources and marketi ng techniques to encourage healthy behaviour. Since 1998, PSI has been involved in the implementati on of safe water programmes, and currently works in 30 developing countries, including Afghanistan, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Viet Nam. It promotes chlorine soluti on, chlorine tablets and a combined fl occulati on/disinfecti on product, in additi on to safe storage and improved hygiene.

PSI designs a marketi ng strategy, including development of a brand name and logo, for the supply of the chlorine product and services it promotes, which includes ensuring products are available at aff ordable prices to consumers in convenient locati ons. PSI works through a variety of distributi on channels, including wholesale and retail commercial and public sector networks, and generates demand through promoti on and educati on acti viti es using mass media, point-of-sale materials, street theatre and interpersonal communicati on.

PSI recovers some or all of the producti on costs, while trying to make sure that products reach the consumer at an aff ordable price. Donor funding, primarily from USAID and the United Kingdom Department for Internati onal Development (DFID), is usually required to pay for the promoti on and educati on acti viti es.

(POUZN 2007, Clasen 2009, PSI 2011)

3.8 Summary of key messages

●

There is no standard approach for getti ng HWTS into people’s homes. There are a

variety of organizati ons implementi ng diff erent HWTS opti ons in diff erent ways.

Someti mes a combinati on of approaches may be needed to ensure coverage and

uptake. This level of complexity makes it diffi cult to simplify implementati on into

typical approaches.

●

Implementers should address three key components to make it more likely for