Miradas y reflexiones sobre los retos actuales en la regulación de los drones

tecnológico XX Jornadas de la Asociación de Letrados del Tribunal Constitucional

23. Miradas y reflexiones sobre los retos actuales en la regulación de los drones

Figures 400-4 through 400-13 are based on new steel pipe having an absolute roughness of 0.0018 inches. The effect of other values of roughness can be esti-mated by multiplying the pressure drop by a correction factor from Figure 400-3.

Typical values of roughness, E, are as follows:

f 2

Smooth Steel, New 0.00015 ft

Galvanized Steel 0.00042 ft

Correction factors in Figure 400-3 for 1 centistoke (cs) are typical of water or petro-leum products ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 cs viscosity. Correction factors in

Figure 400-3 for 10 centistoke (cs) are typical of crude oils or other liquids in the viscosity range from 5 to 20 cs.

Correction factors are applicable for turbulent flow. No correction is required for laminar flow. The uncertainties in the transition range increase with roughness.

The correction factors are the ratio f_c / f_o where:

f_c = friction factor from the Colebrook formula (Equation 400-12) f_o = friction factor on which Figures 400-4 to 400-13 are based Where accurate performance data are required, pressure losses should be deter-mined by test. If test measurements are not possible, the friction factor can be found with the Moody Diagram or calculated with the Chen Equation (Equation 400-7).

Cast Iron, Asphalted 0.00042 ft

Transite 0.00042 ft

Cast Iron, Uncoated, New 0.00083 ft

Steel, Concrete Lined 0.00083 ft

Concrete 0.0083 ft

Riveted Steel 0.025 ft

Pipe Absolute Roughness, ε

Fig. 400-3 Correction Factors for Internal Roughness (1 of 2)

Use for Viscosity = 1 Centistoke and Turbulent flow. No correction for laminar flow.

Absolute Roughness, in.

ID, in. Velocity, ft/sec 0.0010 0.0018 0.0050 0.0100 0.0300 0.1000 0.3000

2 3 0.95 0.99 1.15 1.34 1.85

Use for Viscosity = 1 Centistoke and Turbulent flow. No correction for laminar flow (cont.).

Absolute Roughness, in.

ID, in. Velocity, ft/sec 0.0010 0.0018 0.0050 0.0100 0.0300 0.1000 0.3000

20 3 1.08 1.12 1.23 1.37 1.72 2.37 3.39

Use for Viscosity = 10 centistoke and turbulent flow.

Absolute Roughness, in.

ID, in. Velocity, ft/sec 0.0010 0.0018 0.0050 0.0100 0.0300 0.1000 0.3000

2 3 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.08 1.30 1.91

Fig. 400-3 Correction Factors for Internal Roughness (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-4 1-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 1 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

5S 1.185 0.56 1.39 0.61 1.63

10S 1.097 0.81 1.13 0.84 1.20

F_p F_q F_p F_q

40 1.049 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

80 0.957 1.55 0.78 1.44 0.69

160 0.815 3.33 0.51 2.74 0.36

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor

NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

4. In laminar range, pressure loss is directly proportional to viscosity. To determine pressure losses for viscosi-ties not shown, the ratio of a known viscosity to pressure loss at desired flow rate is applied to the actual viscosity.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 5 BPH; viscosity = 20 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 1 in. schedule 10S (ID = 1.097 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 5 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 20 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9. Move diagonally to pressure loss of 14.3 psi/1000 ft. for 1.049-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 1.097-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 0.84

Pressure loss = (14.3) (0.84) = 12 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 16.0 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 2 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 1 in. schedule 80 (ID = 0.957 in.)

Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 16 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 2.0 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 10 BPH for 1.049-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 0.957-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.78.

Flow rate = (10) (0.78) = 7.8 BPH

Fig. 400-4 1-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-5 1-1/2-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 1-1/2 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

5S 1.770 0.64 1.29 0.68 1.46

10S 1.682 0.81 1.13 0.84 1.19

40 1.610 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

80 1.500 1.40 0.83 1.33 0.75

160 1.337 2.43 0.61 2.10 0.48

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate 12 BPH; viscosity = 20 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 1-1/2 in. schedule 10S (ID = 1.682 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 12 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 20 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9. Move diagonally to pressure loss of 6.1 psi/1000 ft. for 1.610-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 1.682-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 0.84

Pressure loss = (6.1) (0.84) = 5.1 psi/1000 feet

EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 15.7 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 5 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 1-1/2 in.

schedule 80 (ID = 1.500 in.) Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 15.7 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 5.0 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 28 BPH for 1.610-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 1.500-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.83.

Flow rate = (28) (0.83) = 23.2 BPH

Fig. 400-5 1-1/2-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-6 2-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 2 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

5S 2.245 0.67 1.25 0.72 1.39

10S 2.157 0.82 1.12 0.84 1.19

40 2.067 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

80 1.939 1.36 0.84 1.29 0.77

160 1.689 2.62 0.58 2.24 0.45

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 24 BPH; viscosity = 60 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 2 in. schedule 10S (ID = 2.157 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 24 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 60 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9. Move diagonally to pressure loss of 13.8 psi/1000 ft. for 2.067-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 2.157-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 0.84

Pressure loss = (13.8) (0.84) = 11.6 psi/1000 feet

EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 12.4 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 5 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 2 in. Schedule 80 (ID = 1.939 in.)

Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 12.4 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 5.0 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 48 BPH for 2.067-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 1.939-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.84.

Flow rate = (48) (0.84) = 40.3 BPH

Fig. 400-6 2-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-7 2-1/2-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 2-1/2 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

5S 2.709 0.64 1.28 0.69 1.45

10S 2.635 0.73 1.19 0.77 1.30

40 2.469 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

80 2.323 1.34 0.85 1.29 0.78

160 2.125 2.05 0.67 1.82 0.55

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q= Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 40 BPH; viscosity = 60 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 2-1/2 in. schedule 10S (ID = 2.635 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 40 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 60 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9. Move diagonally to pressure loss of 11.2 psi/1000 ft. for 2.469-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 2.635-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 0.77

Pressure loss = (11.2) (0.77) = 8.6 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 12.8 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 10 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 2-1/2 in.

schedule 80 (ID = 2.323 in.) Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 12.8 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 10 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 74 BPH for 2.469-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 2.323-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.85.

Flow rate = (74) (0.85) = 63 BPH

Fig. 400-7 2-1/2-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-8 3-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 3 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

5S 3.334 0.67 1.25 0.72 1.39

10S 3.260 0.75 1.18 0.78 1.27

40 3.068 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

80 2.900 1.31 0.86 1.25 0.80

160 2.624 2.11 0.66 1.87 0.54

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 65 BPH; viscosity = 70 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 3 in. schedule 10S (ID = 3.260 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 65 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 70 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9. Move diagonally to pressure loss of 8.8 psi/1000 ft. for 3.068-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 3.260-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 0.78

Pressure loss = (8.8) (0.78) = 6.9 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 10.7 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 10 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 3 in.

schedule 80 (ID = 2.900 in.) Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 10.7 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 10 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 120 BPH for 3.068-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 2.900-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.86.

Flow rate = (120) (0.86) = 103 BPH

Fig. 400-8 3-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-9 4-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 4 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

5S 4.334 0.70 1.22 0.74 1.34

10S 4.260 0.76 1.16 0.80 1.25

40 4.026 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

80 3.826 1.28 0.87 1.23 0.82

120 3.624 1.65 0.75 1.52 0.66

160 3.438 2.12 0.65 1.88 0.53

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 40.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 96 BPH; viscosity = 80 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 4 in. schedule 10S (ID = 4.260 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 96 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 80 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9. Move diagonally to pressure loss of 5.05 psi/1000 ft. for 4.026-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 4.260-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 0.80

Pressure loss = (5.05) (0.80) = 4.04 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 7.9 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 10 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 4 in. schedule 80 (ID = 3.826 in.)

Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 7.9 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 10 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 210 BPH for 4.026-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 3.826-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.87.

Flow rate = (210) (0.87) = 183 BPH

Fig. 400-9 4-Inch Pipe—Schedule 40 (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-10 6-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 6 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

5S 6.407 .81 1.13 .84 1.20

10S 6.357 .84 1.11 .86 1.16

1/4 in. wall 6.125 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

40 6.065 1.05 .97 1.04 .96

80 5.761 1.34 .85 1.28 .78

120 5.501 1.67 .75 1.54 .65

160 5.189 2.21 .64 1.94 .52

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than 1/4-inch.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than 1/4-inch.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 400 BPH; viscosity = 150 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 6 in. schedule 40 (ID = 6.065 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 400 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 150 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9.

Move diagonally to pressure loss of 7.3 psi/1000 ft. for 6.125-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 6.065-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 1.04

Pressure loss = (7.3) (1.04) = 7.6 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 5.9 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 20 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 6 in. schedule 80 (ID = 5.761 in.)

Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 5.9 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 20 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 520 BPH for 6.125-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 5.761-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.85.

Flow rate = (520) (0.85) = 441 BPH

Fig. 400-10 6-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-11 8-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 8 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

10S 8.329 0.89 1.07 0.91 1.10

20 8.125 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

40 7.981 1.09 0.95 1.07 0.93

60 7.813 1.21 0.90 1.17 0.86

80 7.625 1.35 0.84 1.29 0.78

120 7.189 1.79 0.72 1.63 0.61

160 6.813 2.32 0.62 2.02 0.49

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 20.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 20.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 840 BPH; viscosity = 250 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 8 in. schedule 40 (ID = 7.981 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 840 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 250 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9.

Move diagonally to pressure loss of 8.3 psi/1000 ft. for 8.125-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 7.981-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 1.07

Pressure loss = (8.3) (1.07) = 8.9 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 4.15 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 20 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 8 in.

schedule 80 (ID = 7.625 in.) Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 4.15 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 20 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 910 BPH for 8.125-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 7.625-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.84.

Flow rate = (910) (0.84) = 764 BPH

Fig. 400-11 8-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-12 10-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 10 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

10S 10.420 0.92 1.05 0.94 1.07

20S 10.250 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

40 10.020 1.11 0.94 1.10 0.91

60 9.750 1.27 0.87 1.22 0.82

80 9.564 1.39 0.83 1.32 0.76

120 9.064 1.80 0.72 1.64 0.61

160 8.500 2.44 0.60 2.11 0.47

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 20S.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 20S.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 1100 BPH; viscosity = 300 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 10 in. schedule 40 (ID

= 10.020 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 1100 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 300 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9.

Move diagonally to pressure loss of 5.15 psi/1000 ft. for 10.250-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 10.020-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 1.10

Pressure loss = (5.15) (1.10) = 5.7 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 3.70 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 20 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 10 in.

schedule 80 (ID = 9.564 in.) Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 3.70 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 20 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 1600 BPH for 10.250-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 9.564-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.83.

Flow rate = (1600) (0.83) = 1330 BPH

Fig. 400-12 10-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (2 of 2)

Fig. 400-13 12-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (1 of 2)

Correction Factor Table for 12 in. Pipe of Various Thicknesses

Schedule

Inside

Diameter, in. Transition & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

F_p F_q F_p F_q

10S 12.390 0.95 1.03 0.96 1.05

20S 12.250 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

40 11.938 1.13 0.93 1.11 0.90

80 11.376 1.42 0.82 1.34 0.74

120 10.750 1.86 0.70 1.69 0.59

160 10.126 2.48 0.60 2.14 0.47

F_p = Pressure loss correction factor F_q = Flow rate correction factor NOTES:

1. Multiply pressure loss from flow chart by F_pfor pressure loss with pipe walls other than Schedule 20S.

2. Multiply flow rate from flow chart by F_q to obtain flow rate with pipe walls other than Schedule 20S.

3. For SG≠1.0, multiply pressure loss at SG 1.0 by actual SG to obtain pressure loss. For known pressure loss, divide by SG, then enter chart at SG 1.0 to determine flow rate.

EXAMPLE 1:

Given: Flow rate = 1500 BPH; viscosity = 400 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 12 in. schedule 40 (ID

= 11.938 in.)

Determine: Pressure loss (psi/1000 ft)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 1500 BPH. Move across to viscosity of 400 cs. Move vertically to SG 0.9.

Move diagonally to pressure loss of 4.55 psi/1000 ft. for 12.250-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 11.938-in. ID pipe and laminar flow, F_p = 1.11

Pressure loss = (4.55) (1.11) = 5.05 psi/1000 feet EXAMPLE 2:

Given: Pressure loss = 3.49 psi/1000 ft; viscosity = 20 cs; specific gravity = 0.9; line size = 12 in.

schedule 80 (ID = 11.376 in.) Determine: Flow rate (BPH)

Solution: Enter flow chart at 3.49 psi/1000 feet. Move diagonally to SG 0.9. Move vertically to viscosity of 20 cs in turbulent range. Move horizontally to flow rate of 2500 BPH for 12.250-in. ID pipe. From correction table, for 11.376-in. ID pipe and turbulent flow, F_q = 0.82.

Flow rate = (2500) (0.82) = 2050 BPH

Fig. 400-13 12-Inch Pipe—1/4-Inch Wall (2 of 2)

In document Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales Plaza de la Marina Española, 9 (página 109-129)