6. DESARROLLO DE OBJETIVOS (INVESTIGACIÓN Y MODELAMIENTO)
6.2. Caracterización de la red actual
6.2.2. Modelamiento del medio de Transmisión en condiciones ideales, pre diseño de la Solución
Room Area Evaluation Observations
Living room Insufficient
Activities not covered:
Work/ individual recreation
Compromised activities:
Circulate
Interact with Family and visits Serve meals
Kitchen Insufficient
Compromised activities:
Circulate Prepare meals
Couple bedroom Regular Compromised activities:
Circulate
Children bedroom Insufficient
Activities not covered:
Study
Compromised activities:
Circulate Sleep/rest
Bathroom Insufficient Compromised activities:
Personal hygiene
Circulation Insufficient Compromised activities:
Circulate
Laundry area Sufficient Room built by the residents
148
Circulation
According to Pereira (2015), access to the house and the rooms (doors and openings) must have a minimum width of 80 cm. Moreover, access to furniture and windows must have at least 60 cm.
It is observed that the houses 01, 02 and 03 access doors are between 78 cm and 80 cm wide, thus partially meet the norm. The access doors to the rooms have 75 cm in circulation, 65 cm in bedrooms and 55 cm wide in the bathroom, so they all do not meet what is expected.
In the house 04, by being accessible all ports are 80 cm wide.
Circulation access to furniture and windows is quite low in all rooms except for the bathrooms of houses 01,02 and 03, which are rooms that have only a single bed (houses 01 and 03), and in the kitchen of the houses 01 and 03 and room in the house 03.
Ceiling Height
According to the Municipal Working Code - Complementary Law No. 524 of 08 April 2011, the minimum right foot must have 2.60m in loitering rooms (bedrooms, living room and kitchen) and 2.40 m in the other rooms. In all houses, all rooms have a ceiling height of 2.70 m, thus meeting what is expected.
Extension Possibility
The NBR 15575 determines that, in the design and implementation of the evolutionary character of buildings meaning those already marketed with extension prediction the developer or builder must attach the specifications and construction details to the property manual. This is necessary to expand the building as a whole, floor, roof and building installations, considering the dimensional coordination and the physical and chemical compatibility with the materials available regionally, wherever possible.
As this housing complex do not have an evolutionary character, the technical information required to carry out extensions were not provided. Nevertheless, the vast majority of residents held expansions in the houses, especially when considering that they do not have a covered laundry area.
House 01
Expansion in the back of the house to create the service area of 17 m². It does not have closure by walls, only the floor and roof were made. The coverage of this area obstructs ventilation and natural lighting in the bedroom B (child) and bathroom.
149 Figure 140 - Extension House 01
150
House 02
A floor and cover were made on the right side of the house, between the house and the wall, creating an indoor circulation with an area of 12.8 m². It does not have closure walls between the housing unit and the lot walls. The coverage of this area obstructs ventilation, natural lighting in the kitchen and the living room.
Figure 141 - Extension House 02
151
House 03
An extension was made in back of the house to create a bedroom, a bathroom and a space that houses the service area and kitchen, with a total of 26 m². There was the construction of floor and coverage at the side of the house, between the house and the lot limits, creating an indoor circulation with an area of 12.8 m². These extensions obstruct ventilation and natural lighting in the living room, kitchen, bathroom and bedroom B (child).
In addition to the expansions, residents also changed location and type of the window frames. They are also building a second house at the back.
Figure 142 - Extension House 03
152
House 04
An expansion was made at the back of the house to create an enclosed space that houses the service area and kitchen, with total area of 24.65 m². This expansion obstructs ventilation and natural lighting in the bedroom B (double). It was also built a commercial property in front of the lot, which also obstructs ventilation and natural lighting in the bedroom A (children). Internally, the size of the bathroom was reduced in order to create access to the service area. It also created a low wall between the kitchen and the living
Figure 143 - Extension House 04
153
Accessibility
NBR 9050, which regulates the accessibility in buildings, furniture, urban spaces and facilities at a national level, determines technical parameters to be observed regarding the accessibility conditions in the building, and these parameters are listed below:
D
D
L
D 10 m from the finished floor.
A
H
H
“ B agonal and perpendicular compatible with the Reference Module that has dimensions of 80 cm x 120 cm.
“ B
T 75 cm.
T
front edge of the sanitary bowl.
“
“ -command type, lever or electronic sensor tap commands.
“
“ yphon and piping.
“ eight of 80 cm horizontal.
B
“ external transference area, allowing parallel approach by a person in a wheelchair. C th a length of 60 cm and a height of 75 cm and vertical support bar with a length of 70 cm and a height of 75 cm, or an "L" bar of the same minimum dimensions.
“ -resistant
and waterproof surface.
T -command type faucets by a lever.
T
M
154
M
slope of 1: 2 (50%).
K
K
Kitchen sink with lower headroom of at least 73 cm.
T
“
M
D odule 90 ° with minimum dimensions of 1.2m x 1.2m.
D M
D M
Between the evaluated houses, only house 04 has the adapted house plan for disabled people. However, it was modified by the residents for not having any wheelchair in the family, so the house was analysed according to the current situation.
Within the parameters, the only ones attended are:
D ear width of 80 cm. D L D “ Natural Ventilation
The Municipal Working Code - Complementary Law No. 524 of 08 April 2011 states:
The internal compartments are not considered sufficiently insulated, illuminated and ventilated when its farthest point of the opening is at a distance equal to or greater than twice the ceiling height.
The ventilation area of the compartments must be of at least 50% (fifty percent) of the illumination area required. So, in rooms for long stay (bedroom, living room and kitchen) the ventilation area should be of at least 1/12 of the floor area, and rooms for short stay (toilet) 1/16 of the floor area.
For insulation, lighting and ventilation, all long stay rooms (bedrooms, living room and kitchen) or short stay ones (toilet) should have direct relation with an open space, free and clear of any type of construction. Regarding the relationship between the ceiling height and the distance between the opening of ventilation and lighting and the farthest point of the room, in all homes, the norm is attended.
155 The relationship between the room floor area and the windows area, we see in the table below that the houses with a standard design plan, the kitchen and living
insufficient. However, in the adapted house only the bathroom ventilation is insufficient. Table 15 - Natural ventilation openings
Room Area (m²)
Natural ventilation
Required ventilation area (m²)
Existent ventilation area
(m²)
Standard house plan Houses 01, 02 and 03
Living room 9,54 0,80 0,67
Kitchen 5,7 0,48 0,43
Bedrooms 7,44 0,62 0,67
Bathroom 2,25 0,14 0,14
Circulation 1,05 - -
Adapted house plan House 04
Living room 7,11 0,59 0,67 Kitchen 4,98 0,42 0,43 Bedrooms 7,18 0,60 0,67 Bathroom 4,77 0,30 0,14 Circulation 2,19 - - Source: Authors, 2016.
The lack of openings communicating directly with spaces without cover and clear of any construction is the main ventilation issue because all homes evaluated have been reformed by the residents, creating ventilation obstruction in many rooms, especially in the bathroom and bedroom B, with the creation of a covered laundry area in the house.
Another recurring problem in the houses is the partial obstruction of the ventilation by furniture.
Structure and Sealing
The NBR 15757 determines that the structure should not cause displacement or excessive cracks to construction elements linked to the structural system, taking into account the permanent actions and use actions, nor block the free functioning of elements and components of the building, such as doors, windows, nor affect the building installations.
As for seals, this should limit travel and cracks to acceptable values in order to ensure the free operation of elements and components of the residence. The facades are to be watertight due to incidents from rain or other sources. The inner walls should not allow water infiltration through their faces when in contact with wet areas.
All homes have a constructive system of self-supporting masonry, having both functions as sealing and as structure.
Concerning the cracking, there is little occurrence and in small proportions, not interfering with the operation of any other component of the building. In the house 01 there is only a crack on the outside of the house in the kitchen background. In the house 02, there is a small crack near the ceiling, and a detachment
156 in the room door around the bedroom B. In house 04, there is a crack in the bedroom B and a crack above the kitchen door.
Regarding infiltration on the facades, there is occurrence only in house 01 of a capillary infiltration. Referring to infiltration in inner walls, there is no occurrence in any house.
Figure 144 and Figure 145 - Cracks and leaking House 01
Source: Authors, 2016.
Figure 146 and Figure 147 - Cracks and leaking House 02
157 Figure 148 and Figure 149 - Cracks and leaking House 03
Source: Authors, 2016.
External Window Frames
The NBR 15575 states that the natural lighting of living rooms and bedrooms is provided through doorways or windows. In the case of windows, it is recommended that the height of the sill be positioned at a maximum of 100 cm from the inner tread and the dimension of the headband at a 220 cm maximum span from the inner tread.
According to the Municipal Working Code - Complementary Law No. 524 of April 8, 2011, the area of the openings destined to insulation and lighting of the compartments should be at least 1/6 of the area of long stay rooms and 1/8 area of short stay rooms, and the ventilation openings must be of at least half the area for lighting.
The NBR 10821 specifies the performance requirements for the use of window frames, that they must have: air permeability, water tightness, wind resistance, handling resistance, safety in handling and shading operations of the frames of the bedrooms.
All houses have evaluated have a sill of 120 cm and 220 cm of headroom, therefore not meeting the particular NBR 15575.
Concerning the dimension of the ventilation and lighting openings, we realised tha in the original house plan, the opening area for lighting and ventilation in the kitchen and the bedrooms is insufficient, and as already stated in the natural ventilation item, the opening for ventilation of the bedroom and the kitchen window frames are insufficient.
In the original design of the Adapted house plan, we realized that the area for natural lighting is insufficient in the bedrooms and in the bathroom. However, the residents painted all glassed part of all frames of the house except the bathroom, which further restricts the lighting area. So, according to the current condition, all rooms have sufficient natural lighting. The area for natural ventilation is insufficient only in the bathroom.
158 Table 16 - Natural ventilation and lighting openings
Source: Authors, 2016.
As for the performance described in the NBR 10821 the air permeability topic, it has not been analysed, since, according to geographical location and climatic conditions, there are no major concerns about the air exchange between the interior and exterior of the house.
Regarding water leaking, no house presented leaks in case of rain. In addition, regarding the resistance to wind loads, no house showed deformation in the window frames. Regarding resistance to handling, only the house 01 had a problem with a broken lock of the living room door. As for security in handling operations also no cases of fall of part of the frame. As for the shading of the frames of the rooms, all houses have Venetian window in the rooms, which allows the shading.
Figure 150 - Lock House 01
Source: GARREFA, 2016.
Room Área (m²)
Natural lighting Natural ventilation
Existent lighting area (m²) Existent lighting area (m²) Existent ventilation area (m²) Existent ventilation area (m²)
Standard house plan Houses 01, 02 and 03
Living room 9,54 1,59 2,37 0,80 0,67
Kitchen 5,7 0,95 0,90 0,48 0,43
Bedrooms 7,44 1,24 0,67 0,62 0,67
Bathroom 2,25 0,28 0,30 0,14 0,14
Circulation 1,05 - - - -
Adapted house plan House 04
Living room 7,11 1,19 2,37 0,59 0,67 Kitchen 4,98 0,83 0,90 0,42 0,43 Bedrooms 7,18 1,20 0,67 0,60 0,67 Bathroom 4,77 0,60 0,30 0,30 0,14 Circulation 2,19 - - - -
159
Wood Doors
The NBR 15575 specifies that the elements and components of the housing (latches, handles, cremones, guillotines, etc.) must be designed, constructed and assembled so as not to cause injury to users. At the evaluated houses, this parameter is satisfactorily attended.
It was also verified that all rooms have doors properly functioning, and they also have locks, which are in good condition.
Coverage
The NBR 15575 determines that the covers of the buildings must be resistant to wind action, preventing rupture, instability, chunking or damage to any coverage component subject to suction and pressure impacts. It also states that should be sealed against rainwater, preventing the formation of moisture and thus, preventing the proliferation of insects and microorganisms.
No house presented wind resistance problems, but in relation to leaks, all homes have leaks on the roof causing seepage in the walls. The main reason reported by them is the lack or improper sealing of the pierced tiles for the installation of the solar heating system.
Figure 151 - Solar heating system and boiler on the roof House 01
Source: GARREFA, 2016.
Electrical Installations
The NBR 15575 says that the electrical installations of residential buildings must be designed according to the NBR 5410 and other International Standards applicable, and that special attention should be given to prevent the risk of ignition of materials in short circuit function and overvoltage. It also says that the electrical installations favour the adoption of solutions, case by case, and to minimise energy consumption, including the use of natural lighting and ventilation and alternative energy-based heating systems.
T measure the size of the wires and
other components according to the demand of each house.
Regarding the use of solutions that minimize power consumption, all housing houses have a solar heating system for heating the shower water, which leads to reduced consumption.
160
Hydraulic Installations
The NBR 15575 - determines the following requirements to be followed in a hydraulic system: As for Tightness: present tightness when subjected to pressure expected on the project.
As for the design of cold and hot water installations: the building system of hot and cold water has to provide water pressure, flow and volume compatible with the use associated with each point of use, considering the possibility of simultaneous use.
As for the design of the sewage system: the building of sewage system must collect and remove the flow rates that are usually discharged by the devices without overflow, accumulation in the installation, soil contamination or return of unused devices.
Regarding the use and reuse of water: wastewater from the hydro-sanitary systems should be directed to public collection networks and if there is the availability of these, systems should be used to prevent contamination of the local environment.
For leaks of gases in sewage systems: the sanitary sewer system should be designed so as to not allow a break of the water seal.
The sizing of gutters and conductors: the gutters and drivers must support the expected flow, calculated from the rain intensity adopted for the town and for a certain return period.
From the evaluated houses, the house 04 has a sealing problem in the hot water system, solar heating, with leakage and dripping occurring on the ceiling.
The houses do not have problems with the design of cold water, hot water and sewage systems. There is no rain water system. The water from all houses is directed to the municipal sanitary sewer.
The main problem presented is in regards to the gases leaking and sewage system. The 02,03 and 04 houses have a return of gases in manholes or bathroom.
Consumption
It was verified the average monthly water consumption of the units through its history consumption (6 months) present in the bills from DMAE - Municipal Department of Water and Wastewater, it was also made the consumption/inhabitant in each residence, as shown below.
161 Graph 12 - Water consumption graphic
Source: DMAE, 2016.
We listed all electrical and electronic equipment existing in each unit, with its power (W) and monthly usage time. Thus, it was made a monthly consumption forecast in kW/h. We identified the average monthly electricity consumption of each unit through its history consumption (12 months) present in bills from CEMIG Energy Company from Minas Gerais, along with average consumption/inhabitant.
Graph 13 - Eletricity consumption graphic
Source: CEMIG, 2016.
House Monthly Average Inhabitant Monthly Average
House 01 House 02 House 03 House 04
Monthly Consumption
Prevision Inhabitant Monthly Average House 01 House 02 House 03 House 04
162
Tabletops, hydraulic parts, metal
The NBR 15575 determines that utilised parts, including manoeuvring records, must have steering wheels or devices with shape and dimensions that can provide torque or operating force in accordance with the rules of each product specifications, and are free of burrs, roughness or protrusions that might cause injury. Evaluated houses have no malfunction or ergonomic problems in the crockery, metal and hydraulic parts.
Painting
All houses in the complex were properly delivered with internal and external painting.
Vertical and horizontal coatings
The NBR 15575 determines the parameters that the floors and walls must meet:
For leaks: flooring systems must be tight against rising moisture, considering the maximum height of the water table expected to exist on the construction site. The wet areas of flooring systems should prevent the passage of moisture to the other constructive components of the house.
Resistance to moisture: withstand exposure to moisture, in normal use conditions, without deterioration in its properties that can compromise their use.
Chemical resistance: withstand exposure to chemical agents commonly used in the unit or present in household cleaning products.
Mechanical resistance: withstand the mechanical stresses associated with the normal use conditions for each specific environment.
All houses were delivered with ceramic coating only in the bathroom and kitchen, the bedrooms and living room only had mortar subfloor, and some residents bought and set ceramic tile floors in these rooms on their own. Later, Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF) Federal Bank, provided the ceramic floor for the residents who had not yet purchased them. There were also levelling floor problems in some homes, being some repaired by the residents themselves and others by the CEF.
The current condition of the floors and coatings was evaluated.
The evaluated houses do not show any evidence of sealing problems on floors and walls.
There is a problem with the floor resistance in the bathroom and the kitchen of house 01, due to its porous