Modelo de gestión de las cajas de ahorro y crédito

6-46. The CCTV system is the integration of cameras, recorders, switches, keyboards, and monitors that allow viewing and recording of security events. The CCTV system is normally integrated into the overall ESS and centrally monitored at the security control center.

6-47. A properly integrated CCTV assessment system provides a rapid and cost-effective method for determining the cause of intrusion alarms. For surveillance, a properly designed CCTV system provides a cost-effective supplement to security operations. It is important to recognize that CCTV alarm-assessment systems and CCTV surveillance systems perform separate and distinct functions. The alarm-assessment system is designed to respond rapidly, automatically, and predictably to the receipt of ESS alarms at the security control center. The surveillance system is designed for use at the discretion and under the control of the console operator at the security control center. When the primary function of the CCTV system is to provide real-time alarm assessment, the design should incorporate a video-processing system that can communicate with the alarm-processing system.

6-48. A candidate site for a CCTV assessment system will typically have the following characteristics:

 Assets requiring ESS protection.  A need for real-time alarm assessment.  Protected assets spaced some distance apart.

6-49. Figure 6-7 shows a typical CCTV system configuration. A typical site will locate CCTV cameras—

 Outdoors, along site-perimeter isolation zones.  Outdoors, at controlled access points (sally ports).

 Outdoors, in the protected area, and at viewing approaches to selected assets.  Indoors, at selected assets in the protected area.

6-50. The security console is centrally located in the security center. The CCTV monitors—and the ancillary video equipment—will be located at this console, as will the ESS alarm-processing and annunciation equipment.

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6-51. An optical-lens system that captures and focuses reflected light from the scene being viewed onto an image target is common to all CCTV cameras. The image target converts reflected light energy into electrical impulses in a two-dimensional array of height and width. An electronic scanning system (reading these impulses in a predetermined order) creates a time-sensitive voltage signal that is a replica of optical information captured by the lens and focused on the target. This voltage signal is then transmitted to a location where it is viewed and possibly recorded. For components and technical information regarding CCTV cameras, see UFC 4-021-02NF and UFGS-28 23 23.00 10.

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6-52. A CCTV transmission system is needed to convey video signals from various facility cameras to the security center and to carry commands from the security center to the cameras. Information may be sent via the following methods:

 Metallic video cables are electrical conductors manufactured specifically for the transmission of

frequencies associated with video components. Coaxial cable is a primary example of this type of transmission media. Devices such as video-equalization amplifiers, ground loop correctors, and video-distribution amplifiers may be required.

 RF transmission may be a good alternative to metallic cable and associated amplifiers for a

system that has widely separated nodes. The information can be transmitted over a microwave link, which can be used for distances of about 50 miles, as long as the receiver and the transmitter are in the line of sight.

 In fiber-optic cable systems, electrical video signals are converted to optical light signals that are

transmitted down the optical fiber. The signal is received and reconverted into electrical energy. An optic driver and a receiver are required per fiber. The fiber-optic transmission method provides a low-loss, high-resolution transmission system with usable length three to ten times that of traditional metallic cable systems. Fiber-optic cable is the transmission media favored by DA.

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6-53. Timing signals are processed within the image-scan section of the CCTV camera. These signals may be generated internally from a crystal clock, derived from the camera’s alternating current (AC) power source or supplied by an external signal source. The camera should be capable of automatic switchover to its internal clock in case of external signal loss. When CCTV cameras are supplied by a common external (master) signal source or are all powered from the same AC power source, all cameras scan in synchronism. In this case, a console CCTV monitor will display a smooth transition when switched from one video source to another. Without this feature, the monitor display breaks up or rolls when switched between video sources. The rolling occurs for as long as it takes the monitor to synchronize its scan with that of the new video source—typically 1 second. The resynchronization delay will be experienced by all system components that receive video information, including recorders. To avoid this delay, the designer must specify that all cameras are powered from the AC power phase or must specify master synchronization for the design.

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6-54. The CCTV camera signals propagate through the video transmission system and through coverage at the security center. In very simple configurations with only a few cameras and monitors, a hardwired connection between each camera and console monitor is adequate. As the number of cameras increases, the need to manage and add supplemental information to camera signals also increases. Psychological testing

has demonstrated that the efficiency of console-operator assessment improves as the number of console monitors is reduced, with the optimum number being four to six monitors.

6-55. The major components of the video-processor system are described below. They include the video switcher, the video-loss detector, the alarm-processor communication path, the master video-sync generator, digital video recorders (DVRs), and monitors.

 Video switchers. Video switchers are required when the number of cameras exceeds the number

of console monitors or when a monitor must be capable of selecting video from one of many sources. Video switchers are capable of presenting any of multiple video images to various monitors, recorders, and so forth.

 Video-loss detector. Video-loss detectors sense the continued integrity of incoming camera

signals.

 Alarm-processor communication path. There must be a means of rapid communication

between the ESS alarm-annunciation and video-processor systems. The alarm processor must send commands that cause the video switcher to select the camera appropriate for the sensor reporting an alarm. The video-processor system must report system tampering or failures (such as loss of video) to the alarm processor. The path should also pass date-and-time synchronizing information between processors so that recorded video scenes and printed alarm logs are properly correlated.

 Master video-sync generator. The master video sync includes a crystal-controlled timing

generator, distribution amplifiers, and a transmission link to each camera.

 Digital video recorders. DVRs provide the means to record alarm-event scenes in real time for

later analysis. The DVR typically receives its input through dedicated video-switcher or matrix outputs. To support recorder playback, the recorder output is connected to a dedicated switcher input and must be compatible with the switcher-signal format. In addition, the DVR receives start commands from the switcher, and compatibility must exist at this interface. DVRs should be used when alarm events are to be recorded for later playback and analysis. Recorded events can be transferred to a digital versatile disc recorder or a compact disc recorder for purposes of capturing specific events during analysis—or archived, if required (see UFC 4-021-02NF).

 Monitors. Monitors are required to display the individual scenes transmitted from the cameras

or from the video switcher. In alarm-assessment applications, the monitors are driven by dedicated outputs of the video switcher, and the monitors display video sources selected by the switcher. For security-console operations, the nine-inch monitor is the smallest screen that should be used for operator recognition of small objects in a camera’s field of view. Two 9-inch monitors can be housed side by side in a standard 19-inch console. If the monitors are to be mounted in freestanding racks behind the security console, larger units will be used.

6-56. Video-processor equipment will be specified to append the following alphanumeric information so that it appears on both monitors and recordings. The equipment must allow the operator to program the annotated information and dictate its position on the screen. This information includes—

 Time and date information.

 Video-source or alarm-zone identification.  Programmable titles.

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6-57. Site-specific factors must be considered in selecting components that comprise a CCTV system. Some factors include the size of the system in terms of the number of cameras fielded (which is the minimum number needed to view all ESS sensor-detection fields and surveillance camera); the requirement of some CCTV cameras for artificial light sources to work effectively; and CCTV system performance criteria and physical, environmental, and economic considerations. Each is discussed in detail in UFC 4-021-02NF.

Scene Resolution

6-58. The level to which video details can be determined in a CCTV scene is referred to as resolving ability or resolution. Three resolution requirements can be defined for assessment purposes. In order of increasing resolution requirements, they are detection, recognition, and identification.

 Detection is the ability to detect the presence of an object in a CCTV scene.

 Recognition is the ability to determine the type of object in a CCTV scene (such as an animal,

blowing debris, or a crawling human).

 Identification is the ability to determine object details (such as a particular person, a large rabbit,

or a small deer).

6-59. A CCTV assessment system should provide sufficient resolution to recognize human presence and to detect small animals or blowing debris. When an intrusion sensor alarms, it is critical that the console operator be able to determine if the sensor detected an intruder, or if it is responding to a nuisance condition (refer to UFC 4-021-02NF).

Illumination Levels

6-60. For interior applications where the same camera type is used in several different areas and the scene illumination in each area is constant, the manually adjustable iris must be specified. This allows a manual iris adjustment appropriate for the illumination level of each area at the time of installation. If the camera must operate in an area subject to a wide dynamic range of illumination levels (such as outdoors), the automatically adjusted iris feature must be specified. TM 5-811-1 provides further information on designing lighting systems for use with CCTV.

Cost Considerations

6-61. The cost of a CCTV system is usually quoted as cost-per-assessment zone. When estimating the total system cost, video-processor equipment costs and the video-transmission costs of the system must be included. Other potentially significant costs are outdoor lighting system upgrades and the site preparation required to support the CCTV cameras. The CCTV systems are expensive, compared to other electronic security subsystems, and should be specified with discretion.