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7.1.1 Objective

To outline some of the most important safety precautions which are to be observed on board tankers, in general and when alongside a terminal and to provide practical procedures to be followed on board.

7.1.2 General Principles

To eliminate the risk of fire and explosion it is necessary to avoid a source of ignition and a flammable atmosphere being present at the same place at the same time. As it is not always possible to exclude both these factors, precautions must be taken to exclude or control one of them. Good and safe operational practices, followed diligently by all on board can help eliminate the risk of fire, explosion or any accident on board.

Different set of precautions may be required for the various areas on board a vessel, depending on the location, the operation carried out in the area and the type of danger.

Area Danger

Cargo Spaces, Pump room Presence of flammable gases Non-cargo spaces in hazardous zone Intrusion of flammable gases Galley, Cabins, Accommodation Electrical fittings, matches, lighters Engine and Boiler rooms Boiler operation, electrical

equipment, and Bunker fuel Positive air pressure should be maintained in the accommodation, to prevent ingress of gasses.

7.1.3 Atmosphere testing

The atmosphere in non-cargo spaces in the hazardous zone should be tested frequently for flammable gases. The tests results should be recorded. If there is no fixed system with a recorder fitted, the sampling shall be performed with portable equipment, and recorded in the deck logbook. Sampling should be performed immediately after loading, then at frequent intervals not exceeding one week.

7.1.4 Fire Fighting Equipment

Immediately before or on arrival at the terminal for cargo operations, the ship’s fire hose should be connected to the fire main, one forward and one aft of the ship’s manifold. In some ports, it is obligatory to maintain pressure on the ship’s

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fire main during cargo operations. In any case, the fire pump shall be on standby and ready for immediate operation.

In cold weather, freezing of fire mains and hydrant should be avoided by continuously bleeding water overboard from hydrants at the extreme end of each fire main. Alternatively, all low points on the fire main may be kept drained.

Monitors should be ready for use, Portable fire extinguishers, preferably of the dry powder chemical type, should be placed fore and aft of the manifold in use.

A check shall be made to ensure that both ship and shore have an International Shore Connection for water available and ready for use.

7.1.5 Readiness to Move Under Own Power

While a tanker is berthed at a terminal, its boilers, main engines, steering machinery and other equipment essential for manoeuvring shall be readily available to permit the vessel to move away from berth at short notice.

Repairs and other work which may immobilise the vessel should not be undertaken at a berth without prior written agreement with the terminal. Where required by local laws, permission from local port authority must be obtained prior commencing such work.

7.1.6 Communications

The provision of adequate means of communication between ship and shore is extremely important and it is essential that such a system is reliable and safe.

Telephone or UHF/VHF transceiver systems are usually used and it must be ensured that they are designed for operation in hazardous areas. Portable UHF/VHF sets must be intrinsically safe.

Where language difficulties are likely, agreement shall be made on verbal expressions and language to be used, especially with regard to important aspects of operations. Where there are difficulties in verbal communications, a member of the terminal staff with knowledge of tanker operations may have to be placed on board.

The signals/words for the following must be clearly understood: -Starting, stopping shut down standby and emergency stop.

7.1.7 Notices

The vessel should display notices at the gangway as follows: -WARNING

NO SMOKING NO NAKED LIGHTS

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NO UNAUTHORISED PERSONS

Shore personnel should be advised of other notices put up for the crew on board for safety and shall be asked to comply with them when on board.

7.1.8 Visitors

Only persons with valid reason for visiting are to be allowed on board, after obtaining the Master’s approval.

Persons smoking or apparently intoxicated shall not be allowed to board the vessel. Also refer to SSMM and Security Manual procedures for control of visitors onboard. Casual visitors may be allowed with the permission of the Master and / or the company, and they must sign the Casual Visitor form.

Preferably, a note detailing the minimum safety instructions to be followed on board should be given to them.

7.1.9 Smoking

Smoking shall be permitted only in designated places, which shall be clearly marked. Unless local laws totally prohibit smoking on board when at berth, smoking may be permitted in designated places to avoid stealthy smoking by habitual smokers. There shall be no smoking on deck under any circumstances.

The designated smoking areas on board should be agreed in writing between the Master and the terminal before commencing operations. The Master is responsible for ensuring that all on board are informed of the designated smoking area and for posting suitable notices as required by local rules in addition to the vessel’s permanent notices.

The following criteria may be followed for selecting a designated smoking area

:-• The place(s) should be confined to not more than 3 locations.

• The area should not have doors or ports, which open directly on to or over the cargo deck or on to decks overlooking cargo spaces or shore connections.

• Account shall be taken of any danger which may include e.g. unusually high petroleum gas concentrations, particularly in the absence of wind or when operations are being carried out on adjacent tankers or on the berth.

• All ports in the designated area must be closed and doors into passageways kept closed, except when in use.

7.1.10 Galley Stove and Cooking Appliances

Any doors overlooking the tank deck must be closed at all times. Equipment used shall be of approved type and if in any doubt the terminal representative shall be consulted and approval obtained.

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Additional care shall be taken in this regard on tankers using the stern discharge line for cargo operations. Non-immersed elements such as electric hot-plates and toasters shall not be used in such case.

Cookers and other equipment heated by steam may be used at all times.

7.1.11 Lighting

During darkness, the means of access and the decks of the vessel should be well lit. It is recommended that the walkway on deck from the gangway landing area and the manifolds, up to the accommodation is clearly marked and coated with anti-skid paint, to prevent injury. It is important to ensure that all deck and pump room lights are operational prior arrival, as it is not permitted to change bulbs/tubes when at berth.

7.1.12 Torches and lamps

Only approved gas tight self-contained torches or lamps shall be used in hazardous areas. Use of naked lights or portable electric lamps are strictly prohibited.

Air driven (pneumatic) lights of the approved type may be used in hazardous areas. To avoid accumulation of static electricity in such appliances the following precautions should be observed:

-• The air supply should fitted with a water trap

• The supply hose should be of low electric resistance.

7.1.13 Radio, Electronic and Communication Equipment General

Unless certified intrinsically safe or of other approved design, the equipment on board ships such as telephone, talk back systems, signaling lamps, search lights and electrical controls for ship's whistle etc. Should neither be used nor connected or disconnected if they are located in hazardous area.

Radio Equipment

The use of vessel’s radio equipment during cargo, ballast or tank cleaning operations is potentially dangerous. This does not apply to the use of permanently and correctly installed VHF units, provided the output is reduced to One Watt or less.

When a vessel is at berth, its main transmitting aerials should be earthed. If for servicing purposes it is required to operate radio equipment, the written permission of the terminal must be obtained and any equipment may preferably be operated only when no cargo operations are in progress, at low power and

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with the use of a dummy aerial load. VHF sets and AIS should be on low power before starting any cargo, tank cleaning or as freeing operations.

Radar Scanners

The radiation of radio waves from a properly sited radar scanner presents no ignition hazard. However, the operation of radar will involve running non-approved electrical equipment, hence it is not permitted to use or repair this equipment in most terminals.

Satellite Communication Terminals

These normally don’t pose any ignition hazard, but local rules may prohibit use of this equipment in some terminals.

Mobile Phones

Use of mobile telephones is restricted to inside the accommodation and at a safe distance from electronic equipment. Mobile telephones should not be used inside or close to the control rooms, to prevent interference with critical equipment.

Notices should be posted in areas where use of mobile phones is prohibited.

This requirement should be advised to all visitors.

7.1.14 Synthetic Clothing

Clothing made of synthetic material does not give rise to any significant increase in electrostatic hazard under normal conditions.

However, the tendency of such material to fuse together in high temperatures can lead to a concentrated heat source which cause serve damage to body tissue.

Clothing of such material is not recommended for persons who may be exposed to flame or hot surfaces when carrying out their duties.

7.1.15 Use of Tools

Before any hammering, chipping or sandblasting is undertaken or any power tool is used in any hazardous area, the responsible officer (Chief Officer or Chief Engineer) must ensure that the area will remain gas free throughout the period during which the tolls are to be used.

Hand tools must be used only for the purpose for which they are designed. Non-ferrous (also called non-sparking)tools are only marginally less likely to give rise to incendive spark. Particles of concrete, sand or other substances are likely to get embedded in the working face or edge of these tolls and can cause incendive sparks on impact with ferrous or other hard metals.

The use of non-ferrous tools is not recommended.

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7.1.16 Aluminium

Aluminium equipment shall not be dragged or rubbed across steel since it may leave a smear which, if it on rusty steel and is later struck, can cause an incendive spark. Aluminium gangways or other portable heavy structures should have their undersides protected by hard plastic or wooden strip.

7.1.17 Cathodic Protection

Magnesium anodes are prohibited for use on board. Aluminium anodes are permitted in permanent ballast tanks only. Zinc anodes do not have any restrictions.

The location, securing and type of anode are subject to approval by appropriatee authorities. Anodes in tanks shall be checked for wastage, securing arrangements and physical damage during tank inspections.

7.1.18 Means of Access

It is important that the ship provides a safe mode of access. Very often, it is found that in terminals, the accommodation ladder cannot be used or the MOT gangway cannot be safely placed at the jetty end. At times, the MOT ladder is rigged incorrectly as the terminal does not have enough place for its free movement because of some obstruction. As most tankers have their hose handling crane in the manifold area, this is used to safely place the gangway.

Some terminals usually have obstructions in the manifold area which makes placing of MOT ladder difficult and risky. The possibility of alternative arrangement of access at such terminals must be discussed and evaluated with the terminal representatives. It may be safer to us the sea side gangway in such cases.

Personal should only use the designated access provided.

Gangways or other similar means of access should be provided with a safety net where appropriate, and lifebuoys with lines and light should be readily available in the vicinity of the gangway.

Where terminal access facilities are not available and vessel’s gangway is used, the berth should have a landing sufficient to provide a gangway with a clear run of space so as to maintain safe convenient access to the tanker at all states of tide and changes in the ship’s freeboard.

Particular attention to safe access should be given where the difference in level of the tanker’s deck and the jetty becomes large.

There should be special facilities where the level of tanker’s deck is below the jetty level. Any temporary arrangements (gang plank or similar) should be well secured and must have safety net and hand-holds.

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Section 2 Electrostatic Hazards Date: 01.07.04 Page 1 of 7

7.2 Electrostatic Hazards