Modelo similar al tradicional

1. Bruinsma, Van Haaf and Römkens: Results of the tested hypothesis:

1. Police are faster at the scene of the incident with the AWARE approach as opposed to the regular 112+ protocol: true: M=14,5 minutes for regular intervention and M=8,5 minutes for AWARE.

2. The police are more often able to arrest the offender if stalking incidents are always characterized as first priority incidents: cannot be confirmed. For the first priority incidents (N=19), the offender was already gone in the majority of the cases (70%). Arrest of the offender occurred in 22% of the number of incidents the police has responded to (N=169). Behaviour of the offender seems too unpredictable. AWARE is no guarantee for arrests, despite the faster presence at the scene.

41 3. AWARE facilitates filing which results in faster and more frequent judicial response: partly

true. High positive correlation (0.75, significant on 0.01) between amount of times a victim has contact with the police and the amount of official reports to the police by the victim. AWARE leads to more official reports. The construction of files is facilitated by AWARE, but this has not resulted in more / faster judicial response: only 2 arraignments out of 19 incidents connected to AWARE.

4. The police can use AWARE as an instrument for the demarcation of its own duty of care and ensure adequate follow-up of the case by social services: appears to be true after dossier analysis and interviews.

5. AWARE reduces the workload and pressure for the police that result from incidents of stalking: true. The 25 victims that were in the AWARE programme notified the police only 19 times, whereas before, during the regular 112-notifications these victims called the police at least 71 times. Dossier analysis shows only one time this was a false alarm (p=.005). Ever since these victims participate in the AWARE programme, the amount of times third parties notified the police for them has gone from 13 times to 0 times.

6. Victims are and feel safer with AWARE and are more content with the role of the police: true. 9 out of the 10 interviewed AWARE victims confirmed they feel safer and are content with the personal attention by their community police officer. They feel that they are taken (more) seriously. However, they are frustrated that the police are (still) often too late in the sense that the suspect had already left the scene. Objectively the AWARE approach is not more safe than the special 112-approach for incidents of stalking (Bruinsma, Van Haaf, & Römkens, 2008)

2. Hester and Westmarland: This study found that interventions that combined support with engagement with criminal and civil justice processes and intensive, pro-active, tailored and holistic advocacy as the most effective approach for reducing repeat victimisation. Some changes have been measured in a quantitative manner: change in the level of repeat victimisation, changes in criminal/judicial outcomes and changes in the volume of incidents as recorded by the police. The CRP project evaluation found that the approach was effective in raising awareness among children and youngsters and supporting female victims of domestic violence. Requirements for adequate support are training, multi-agency relationships and referral systems between them, and routine enquiry.

Close links between the police and social services have led to increased numbers of victims that reported domestic violence to the police and to increased rates of arrests made by the police. The percentage of incidents resulting in arrest for four of the CRP projects were compared with before the project ran. All show a rise in the percentage of indicated that result in an arrest between before and during the project: respectively an increase from 26% to 51%, 9% to 20%, 17% to 18%, and 34% to 35%. The proportion of recorded incidents to arrests fluctuates substantially between the projects (depending on area).

In general, the repeat victimisation reduced following project intervention, whereas the victims using the projects had histories of higher levels of repeat victimisation than those in the comparison groups. The measures that lead to this reduced repeat have also increased women’s sense of safety. Three measures helped to reduce the repeat victimisation: women received a mobile phone, home security and/or a panic alarm. For each of the possible combinations of these measures (only 1, or a combination of 2 or 3) has been examined. All show a decrease in total number of recorded incidents post-intervention. It varies from -24% (N=35) for victims who only received a mobile phone to -69% (N=68) for women who received home security and a panic alarm (Hester & Westmarland, 2005).

42 3. Corcoran and Allen: There were more arrests in the crisis teams’ cases than arrests made

by non-crisis teams, however, the non-cooperation was higher in the crisis teams cases. Concerning the option to go to the shelter: with both a crisis team as during non-crisis team cases, only a few women went to the shelter (respectively 7% and 1%). Arrests were made in 79 (82%) of the crisis team cases, compared with 39 (49%) of the non-crisis team cases (χ2[1, N = 176] = 35.30, p<.01). Non-cooperation was higher in the crisis team cases: 15% of crisis team cases, as compared with 4% of non-crisis team cases (χ2[1, N = 176] = 5.87, p = .05) (Corcoran & Allen, 2005).

4. Ruff: The effect of training for domestic dispute calls on police officers is measured. There were distinct differences in the police officer response before and after the training. For instance, on average a police officer spent 18 more minutes at the scene (mean= 1:14 hours in 2007, increased to mean=1:32 in 2008). The police officers arrested more suspects (25% in 2008 compared with 20% in 2007) and more cases have been forwarded to the crown prosecutor for charge approval (15% increase to 23%). Also, more of the forwarded cases were approved by the crown prosecutor (65% to 71%), indicating an increased quality of the content of the domestic dispute files. Similarly, the percentage of files indicating that the police officers have collected evidence increased from 23% to 34%. It appears that after the training, police officers were better able to collect the evidence that is needed to achieve the crown prosecutors’ approval. So, training led to an increase in documentation of formal interventions and higher rates of approval by the crown prosecutor and guilty verdicts. The study concludes that police training in domestic dispute calls does make a (positive) difference (Ruff, 2012).

5. Tierolf, Lünnemann and Steketee: Victims were both positive and negative about the G4 approach: they are content with provided assistance but have criticized the role that was given to the offender. How content parents have been with the involved organizations: 60,9% was content with police performance, 30,4% felt neutral, 8,7% was not content. The most important aspect of this approach was the creation and follow-up of an individual safety-plan per family. Prevalence of both psychic and physical violence has reduced following the domestic violence approach in the G4. Physical violence reduced from 93% to 84% to 79% (N=211, p<.01), whereas for physical violence the decrease was from 76% to 55% to 50% (p<.000), both a significant difference. This concerns violence committed by the (ex-)partner. The percentage of respondents that is not confronted with excessive violence has increased from 18% to 44% to 50% during the tree measurements (p<.01, N=211). The total number of violence incidents has significantly dropped (p<.001) from M=10 incidents per month to an average of 6 (m=6) incidents of violence per month. So, approach effective in reducing family violence. (Tierolf et al., 2014).