Modelos de integración estratégica de las TIC

Alla A. Yarlychenko1_{, Alexey I. Shinkevich}2*

1 _{Department of Logistics and Management, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan,}

Russia.

2 _{Department of Logistics and Management, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan,}

Russia.

*corresponding author

Abstract

The article analyzes the import substitution policy pursued in modern Russia, examines the interrelationship between import substitution tools and innovation technologies, as well as their impact on the dynamics of competitiveness indicators of the Russian economy on the world market. The main directions of implementing this policy in industries with state support for the import substitution program and in selected Russian regions (on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan) are considered. The main problems of import substitution, export of domestic products, increasing competitiveness are revealed and a conclusion is formulated on the need to develop and implement innovative import substitution as an integrated strategy for socio-economic development of the national and regional economy that ensures the progressive dynamics of economic and social indicators.

Keywords: strategy of innovative import substitution, innovative solutions, national and regional economy, competitiveness, investment, objects of innovative infrastructure, domestic products, dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators.

Introduction

In accordance with modern global political prerequisites, the process of import substitution of domestic goods produced domestically is actualized as an element of Russian economic policy and the subject of legal regulation, due to the intensification of Russia's emergence in the world space as a state that carries out an independent policy that meets the requirements of national interests and is oriented towards the integration of the Russian economy into the world economic system on the basis of a certain long-term paradigm reflecting the optimality of the synergy of «economic integration» and «economic isolation». The introduction of restrictive sanctions by a number of foreign states in respect of the Russian Federation (RF) led to the need to develop and introduce import substitution strategies into the management system of the national economy as a whole, the constituent parts of individual regions and individual enterprises, and the implementation of import-substituting strategies. In this regard, it seems appropriate to distinguish three types of import substitution strategies implemented by territorial entities, which differ in the target orientation of their use, the composition of the instruments and the nature of the managed facility. Thus, the strategy of import-substituting industrialization includes a reduction in the volume of imports of final products, which activates changes in the reproductive, sectoral and institutional structures of the economy, is a necessary prerequisite for increasing its competitiveness. The strategy of forced import substitution is determined by the need to neutralize (prevent) geopolitical risks, such as foreign economic sanctions. The usage of such a strategy in the long run leads to the isolation of the national economy and the reduction of its competitive potential. The strategy of import-substituting diversification takes the form of creating, replacing or expanded diversification, implemented on the basis of product and process innovations, the introduction of open innovations and the formation of a closed innovation cycle of information or network type. As part of the implementation of this strategy, qualitatively new objects of the innovative infrastructure are being

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formed: science cities, technoparks, industrial parks, business incubators, etc., which use the synergetic effect of interaction of economic entities within the urbanized territories. This type of import substitution can be considered as a source of diffusion of innovations, which, in turn, initiates a progressive macroeconomic dynamics and an increase in the level and quality of life. This allows to conclude that import-substituting diversification in the conditions of a post-industrial economy takes the form of innovative import substitution.

For the choice of innovative import substitution tools, the use of which will allow creating new growth points and zones of advanced development, it seems necessary to analyze the state of economic entities representing various sectors of the economy in respect of which the state has developed and implements appropriate program activities. This determined the choice of the research topic, its theoretical and practical significance.

Review of the Literature

There is considerable experience in the use of import substitution tools in states that are among the developing or implementing policies of structural transformation of the economy. In this regard, the problem of import substitution has been the subject of a comprehensive study in the works of foreign and Russian authors. In the context of this study of considerable interest are the works of A. Strauge and H. Chenery, who analyzed the impact of economic growth caused by the use of import substitution technologies on the structure of world trade (Nazarchuk, 2007). At the same time, they pointed to the direct impact of domestic investment and the increase in the production of domestic goods on the dynamics and trajectory of the economic development of the state. We agree with this thesis. The patterns of urban import substitution in free market conditions were first studied in the works of D. Jacobs (2011), who analyzed the replacement of imported goods with goods produced by the subjects of the urban economy.

It should be recognized that there is no single interpretation of the category «import substitution» in the economic sciences, which is interpreted as economic policy (Peregorodieva, 2013), economic process (Kadochnikova, 2005), tools used in the implementation of targets development of the state (region, enterprise) (Lindert, 1992) or as a development strategy (Sokolova & Kolotyrin, 2017; Davoudi et al., 2018). Among Russian authors there is a position according to which import substitution can take the form of an unregulated process, which is activated at a certain stage of the state's development and leads to the replacement of imported products with goods and services of domestic production. At the same time, they point to the formation under certain conditions of the prerequisites for the development and implementation of control measures on the part of the state aimed at stimulating the introduction of import substituting technologies (Gnidchenko, 2017; Fartash et al., 2018). It should be recognized that some attention is paid to the introduction of import substitution tools at the regional level, which follows their recognition of the openness of the regional economy and the interpretation of the external economic activities of the subjects of the Russian Federation as a significant factor in their progressive development (Makarova, 2011).

Among the sources of legal regulation of the import substitution strategy are a number of bylaws that disclose the content, institutional and functional composition of subjects of import substitution policy and subject composition. Among them are Resolution No. 1044 of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 11, 2014 (Government of the Russian Federation, 2014) «On Approving the Program for Support of Investment Projects Implemented on the Territory of the Russian Federation Based on Project Financing» (as amended on February 21, 2015), Government Decree of August 4, 2015 No. 785 «On the Governmental Commission for Import Substitution», etc. In a number of regions, programs aimed at implementing measures for import substitution in certain sectors of the economy have been adopted.

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Thus, in the Republic of Tatarstan, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 639 of September 13, 2016 (Government of the Russian Federation, 2016) «On the Action Plan for the Development of Import Substitution in the Industry of the Republic of Tatarstan for 2016».

Methods and Stages of the Study

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the positions and conclusions presented in the works of Russian and foreign authors devoted to the problems of economic growth, the theory of import substitution, the theory of innovation and innovative development, the theory of regional economy, etc. The complexity and multidimensionality of the problem predetermined the need for using special research methods alongside with general scientific. The content and tools for implementing the import substitution strategy have been studied using comparative analysis, the method of statistical observations, the variant method, content analysis, etc.

In the course of the research, the conceptual apparatus of import substitution theory was clarified and the author's vision of the content of innovative substitution was formulated, which allowed to systematize factual and statistical material reflecting the peculiarities of import substitution technologies in various sectors of the economy, as well as to formulate conclusions and recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of tools used by bodies of state management in the implementation of strategic goals and objectives.

Results of the Study and Their Practical Importance

The policy of import substitution, currently being actively implemented in the Russian Federation, calls for the use of innovative technologies that support the level of country competitiveness and predetermine the essence of the concept of "innovative import substitution", which is a state or regional economic policy that determines the implementation of a set of measures related to the organization of production , as well as ensuring the promotion of domestic products, superior and tailors analogues in effectiveness of the innovative technical solutions.

Depending on the scope of innovative solutions, the type of innovation is determined:

 technological, defining the process of improvement of existing products or the development and implementation of new, possessing previously inherent properties;

 grocery, consisting in the expansion of the assortment of products, as well as making the already available additional feasibility;

 social, conducive to the renovation and modernization of educational, scientific, charitable spheres;

 organizational, ensuring the growth of management effectiveness (Ivanchenko, 2014).

In terms of import substitution, innovative solutions affect all areas of business entities, but within the program of import substitution of state support, the following main sectors of the economy were awarded:

1. The agricultural sector, in which, according to data for the second quarter of 2017, the volume of import substitution of food products amounted to 4.2 billion dollars, by 3.8% over the mentioned period the agricultural production index increased, it is planned to harvest 132 million tons of cereals:

 the introduction of new domestic equipment is intensified, production of which increased by 7% in the first half of the year and accounted for 45.3% of the total number of agricultural machinery and equipment, while the import of agricultural machinery decreased by 59%;

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 Yaroslavl «Avtodizel» plant produces engines YaMZ-850 and YaMZ-8501 for industrial tractors, which are cheaper analogs of German engines of MTU and products of «OOO «Klaas», although localizing its production, but not using Russian components in production ,

 increase of cropland due to stimulating state measures that support the agricultural producers (farmers);

 development of cows selection due to embryo transplantation. 2. Industry:

 in the field of electrical equipment, the development and active implementation of semiconductor conversion technology (speed control systems based on an asynchronous motor, single-contact combined converters), rectifiers (for example, Pulsar SMART);

 in the field of special machinery, the import of excavators is currently 90%, and in the domestic national market the share of this foreign equipment is 70%, and in accordance with the policy of import substitution at the «Uralvagon» factory, a crawler excavator EO 41211A and wheeled vehicle EO 33222А, at the plant "Uralmashzavod» in 2020, a mass production of hydraulic excavators is planned.

3. Telecommunications and telecommunications industry. For IT-technologies, the positive effect of import substitution is due to the possibility of direct influence on software development, adaptation not only to the specifics of the Russian market, but also the possibility of further and faster adaptation to changing business conditions, low cost relative to foreign counterparts, independence from geopolitical of the situation. According to the results of the first half of 2017, there are 3969 names in the register of Russian software.

As the key task of implementing the strategy of innovative import substitution in the field of IT- technologies is the creation of conditions for the development of high-quality software, which implies an increase in the share of Russian programmers in the development teams. At the same time, exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity in this sphere should belong to domestic enterprises. Table 1 shows the projected results of import substitution in the field of IT technologies, which should be achieved by 2020, according to the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation (Official website of the Ministry of Digital Development, 2018).

Table 1. Forecasted results of import substitution in the field of IT-technologies by 2020 in the Russian Federation

Product / technology Import share, %

2014 г. к 2020 г. Business applications (ERP, CRM, etc.) 75 50 Antivirus software 60 50 Internet services (e-mail, file sharing, browsers, etc.) 50 25 Client / mobile OS 97 75 Office user software 97 75

Such a dynamic in the field of IT-technologies will reduce import dependence in other sectors of the Russian economy.

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Measures to activate import substitution are changing depending on the sector of the economy. Thus, import substitution in the agro-industrial complex is focused primarily on the production of products for the domestic market, satisfaction of demand from the consumer for quality products. Decree No. 717 of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2012 (Government of the Russian Federation, 2012a, 2012b) «On the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of the Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Foodstuffs for 2013-2020» states that the fundamental goal of import- substituting policies in the agricultural market should be to reduce the stock, goods and the technological dependence of the market on imports. In this regard, the implementation of the strategy of import substitution in this area should include the following components: methods of state support to commodity producers; tools for the development of industry markets; tools for the development of cooperation and integration; development of infrastructure facilities. The agro-industrial sector is less focused on innovation due to a number of technological and organizational reasons. At the same time, it should be recognized that for a number of regions that are part of the Russian Federation, the implementation of import substitution technologies is becoming a key factor in catching up the decline in the level of interregional differentiation, which is due to the dominance of the agrarian sector in the structure of the regional economy. The solution of this problem can become an important stage in overcoming the depressiveness of regional development and improving the quality of life of the population.

In the Republic of Tatarstan, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan dated September 13, 2016 No. 639 approved the Action Plan for the Development of Import Substitution in the Industry of the Republic of Tatarstan for 2016, which foresees «the promotion of RT enterprises to participate in resource and technological chains of enterprises' cooperation, the turn provides for an increase in the awareness of business entities about the procurement of large companies, including through the use of a specialized single resource for small and medium business smb.tattis.ru; the delivery of products of the republican manufacturing enterprises to the largest Russian companies, such as JSC «Russian Railways», PJSC Oil and Gas Company «Rosneft», PJSC «Lukoil», PJSC «Gazprom», OJSC «AVTOVAZ», ZAO «Transmachholding», JSC «The group «Sinara», etc. . » Under the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 639 of September 13, 2016 «On the Action Plan for the Development of Import Substitution in the Industry of the Republic of Tatarstan for 2016», «the formation of favorable legal conditions for the functioning of industrial enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan - manufacturers of competitive products». Among the priority measures, the need was identified for «expanding the geography of Tatartan's trade partners, increasing the export of enterprises' products», «promoting the promotion of products to foreign markets using trade missions of the Russian Federation and the representation of the RT». Particular attention in the program document was given to the implementation of «measures for the development of multi-format trade in import-substituting consumer goods». «Providing information and consulting support».

However, the most significant in the context of the problem being investigated is the activities to promote the implementation of investment projects, which envisages «the creation of infrastructure conditions for high-tech developments, primarily the creation and development of engineering centers and prototyping centers». Such measures are aimed at implementing an innovative component of the import substitution strategy, they envisage the formation and development of innovative infrastructure facilities that stimulate the development of high-tech industries using the potential of engineering centers and prototyping centers. For example, the implementation of the proposed activities enabled JSC «Regional Center of Engineering in the field of chemical technologies» to conduct tests of plastics produced by RT enterprises and to confirm their compliance with industry requirements and ability to advance at the world level. In order to increase the volume of financing for enterprises implementing investment projects for the development of the real sector of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan on the basis of

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the investment -venture Fund of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 248 of April 26, 2016 established the Fund for the Development of Industry of the Republic of Tatarstan and uses the resources of the Industrial Development Fund.

As a tool to ensure the implementation of the strategy of innovative import substitution, tax incentives for investment expenditures, the formation of favorable tariff conditions, the development of innovative clusters, the staffing of the investment process on the basis of the formation of state orders for training specialists by educational organizations in accordance with the needs of import substitution, the formation of effective demand for products of domestic producers, etc.

Despite the development and implementation of federal and regional import substitution programs, it is necessary nowadays to note Russia's relatively high dependence on foreign technologies with high costs, which complicates the process of improving the quality and increasing the volume of products. In addition, the slowdown in the development process is also facilitated by investing in underdeveloped technologies and the use of imported technologies presupposes a complete product cycle, which determines the activities of Western companies in developing their own business by acquiring appropriate production trends in the world and not at the expense of investments to improve the organization.

In this case, joint ventures are reliable for investment, the main tasks for which are the creation of