3. Estudios
3.2. Estudio 2
3.2.1.3. Modelos
Feasibility study of wind turbine fields on the coast of A. Pak Panang, Nakhon Si Thammarat (By management of the Company and revised by the Independent Financial Advisor)
The Feasibility study of wind turbine fields on the coast of A. Pak Panang, Nakhon Si Thammarat was conducted in 2014 to study the feasibility of the wind turbine farm in the Gulf of Thailand in the areas of T. Ban Phoeng A.Pak Panang, Nakhon Si Thammarat (For Project Pak Panang 1 and Lomligor project (Pak Panang 2).
Estimated investments are as follow:
Total project value 750 Million Baht (excluding land) Value of land used for project development including
land reclamation
37 - 50 Million Baht
Wind turbine chosen Goldwind Model GW121/2500
Total capacity 10.0 MW
Sale quantity by contract 8.965 MW according to the power purchase agreement
(PPA) No. VSPP-PEA-006/2557 dated June 23, 2014 with duration of 5 years from the COD and automatically renewed every 5 years
Overview of the trend in alternative energy
Alternative energy situation in Thailand for 2013
Thailand has an increase in usage of alternative energy continuously which is a result from policies on alternative energy that has a goal to increase usage of alternative energy in all parts of society. Other than decreasing use of fossil fuel, it decreases fuel imports since from the development of Thailand’s alternative energy industry, the country will mainly use energy produced domestically which are solar power, wind, water, biomass, biogas, garbage and biofuel (ethanol and biodiesel). The uses of such alternative energy will be in forms of electricity from heat and biofuel.
Thailand’s alternative energy usage from 2009 - 2013
(Thousand tons crude oil equivalent)
In 2013, Thailand’s alternative energy usage is 8,232 thousand tons crude oil equivalent, which increased from the previous year 12.9% and is equal to 10.9% of carbon dioxide emission of 25.25 million tons)
Thailand’s alternative energy usage in 2013
Final energy use Final alternative energy use
Usage of energy from heat is the highest amounting to 64.1% of total alternative power use. Second and third is natural fuel (ethanol and biodiesel) and electricity which are 19.6% and 16.3% respectively.
Fossil fuel Electricity (solar/wind/biomass/biogas/waste
Thousand tons crude oil equivalent Thousand tons crude oil equivalent
Large scale hydro power Import of hydro power
Renewable energy
Biofuel
Small scale hydro power
Heat(solar/biomass/biogas/waste
(Thousand tons crude oil equivalent) Biofuel Ethanol Heat Electricity Biodiesel 2013
Alternative energy usage
Electricity (solar/wind/small scale hydro power/biomass/waste/biogas
Heat(solar/biomass/waste/biogas
Biofuel - Ethanol - Biodiesel
Amount (Thousand tons crude oil equivalent)
Change (%)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2012-2013
Total Thousand tons crude oil equivalent
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Investments in alternative energy
From the public policy promoting use of alternative energy, other than resulted in increase in alternative energy use but also increases private sector’s interest in investing in the alternative energy industry. In 2913, a public and private investment in the alternative energy industry is 75,822 million Baht with investments in wind energy as the highest at 45.6% of total investments. Solar, biofuel, biomass, biogas water and waste are at 21.4%, 17.9%, 11.3%, 3.0%, 0.6% and 0.2% respectively.
Considering statistics of electrical load during 2004-2014 in Amphoe Pak Panang, Nakhon Si Thammarat as seen in the figure, it is seen that there has been an increase. Therefore, a forecasting model has been constructed using such information (Autocorrelation) and statistics to forecast the electricity load for 10 and 20 years ahead. It is found that within 10 and 20 years, the electricity load of Amphoe Pak Panang will increase to 70MW and 100 MW.
Source: 1/ Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency 2/ The Board of Investment of Thailand
Biofuel Solar
Investment in alternative energy Solar Wind Small scale hydro power Biomass Biogas Waste Biofuel Total
Value (million Baht) %
Figure showing changes in monthly electricity load from 2004-2010 of Amphoe Pak Panang, Nakhon Si Thammarat
However, the Energy for Environment Foundation (www.efe.or.th) has studies methods in supporting electricity production from wind energy to present to the Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) of the Ministry of Energy. Important measures that were proposed were such as to support cost reduction in the production of renewable energy which is a promotion and price support in which a feed-in tariff is set for electricity produced from renewable energy, or set a Renewable Portfolio Standard: RPS in the production or procurement of electricity which is a promotion and supporting measure under the free market system for energy where price for electricity in each level is set by the market competition. Since the cost of producing electricity from renewable energy is not competitive, quantity measures are used to specify electricity sellers to have 5% of energy source from renewable energy. Through this system, Renewable Energy Credit is created which means that there is evidence and proof that such quantity of electricity production from renewable energy has been achieved. The credit is tradable. Also, there are measures to support and ease financial burden during the initial stages of investment which includes low interest loans or other related measure such as policies and procedures to allow flexibility and suitability for the renewable energy industry as well as on environmental management policies.
15 years Renewable Energy Development Plan, Ministry of Energy
The country’s rising energy prices forces the country to import energy of almost 1 trillion Baht in about over a year ago. The country’s economic development and the people have been directly affected by the rising oil prices. Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) of the Ministry of Energy (www.eppo.go.th) is aware of this issue and sees the necessity in finding diverse energy sources especially renewable energy in the country. Therefore, EPPO has set a policy to develop renewable energy to become the country’s main energy source. For the 15 years, (2008-2022), the objectives are:
1. To have Thailand use renewable energy as the main energy source in place of oil imports 2. To enhance energy stability for the country
3. To promote uses of energy in the form of a fully integrated green community 4. To promote the renewable energy industry in the country
5. To research, develop and promote technologies for renewable energy’s high efficiency
The goal is to increase the portion of renewable energy usage to 25% of the country’s total energy use by year 2022 with measures and promotion methods as follow:
1. Set renewable energy as a national agenda
2. Continuous support of renewable energy from the public sector 2.1 Adder until 2011
2.2 ESCO Fund to promote investment and risk insurance
2.3 Investment promotion to reduce initial investment burden in new technologies for alternative energy including low interest rate loans for production of new forms of renewable energy
2.4 Promoting investment according to BOI for investments in alternative energy and investments in industries related to alternative energy
3. The public sector providing infrastructure to support the expansion of the alternative energy industry such as expansion of pipe line systems
4. Revisions of the law or regulations related to alternative energy such as the Public-Private Partnership Act and the City Planning Act
5. Enabling access to information on renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy
The renewable energy strategy has set a goal to achieve electricity production from alternative energy of 13,927MW by year 2022. Currently, the capacity of renewable energy production is at 3,788 MW. The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy has set strategies to reach the following goals:
1. RPS 5% with production capacity of 80 MW
2. Supporting renewable energy through adder in the production capacity of 13,927 MW. In that capacity, the goal for each form of renewable energy is:
2.1 Biomass 4,800 MW 2.2 Wind energy 1,800 MW
2.3 Solar power 3,000 MW (Feed in Tariff) 2.4 Hydro energy 324 MW
2.5 Energy from waste 200 MW 2.6 Biogas 100 MW
Electricity purchasing policy of the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy and the Provincial Electricity Authority
Currently, energy production in the form of VSPP is still low at 11% where 67% are projects tied to the system of the Provincial Electricity Authority and 31.3% are projects tied to the Metropolitan Electricity Authority. In 2002, Energy Regulatory Commission announced regulations on electricity purchasing in the form of VSPP in capacity of no more than 1MW. Later on in 2006, the purchasing size increased to no more than 10 MW and added the support in the form of adder. In 2009, the adder was adjusted and there are additional regulations such as collateral to ensure implementation, Bid Bond with the Provincial Electricity Authority. Currently, the adder has been adjusted again for suitability.
Types of VSPP divided by types of fuel are as follow: 1. Solar
1.1 PV
1.1.1 Thin Film 1.1.2 Crystalline
1.2 Solar Thermal 1.2.1 Parabolic Trough 1.2.2 Sterling Engine 2. Wind 2.1 High Speed 2.2 Low Speed 3. Biogas 3.1 Animal Manure 3.2 Industrial Waste 3.3 Rice Straw 4. Waste 4.1 Thermal Process 4.2 Landfill 5. Hydro
5.1 Mini, Micro, Pico 5.2 Up to 200 kW 6. Biomass
6.1 Rice Husk/Rice Straw 6.2 Bagasse
6.3 Jatropha
6.4 Palm Fiber/Empty Palm Fruit Bunch 6.5 Corncobs/Corn Shells
6.6 Woodchip/Wood Slab 6.7 Cassava Rhizomes/Pulp 6.8 Coconut Fiber
6.9 Short Rotation Plant such as Napier grass
Also, there are 4 important promotion and supporting measures for the production of electricity from renewable energy: 1. Feed-in Tariff and Adder
2. Low Interest Loan through Revolving Fund 3. Venture Capital through ESCO Fund 4. Tax Incentives
The adders are detailed in the table. The adder for wind energy in the form of Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) and have over 50MW in capacity is 3.5 Baht/unit for 10 years. In the area that uses diesel engines for production and in the 3 provinces in Southern border of Thailand will receive additional adder of 1.5 Baht/unit from the normal adder. The total adder in that area would therefore by 5 Baht/unit.
Moreover, there are supports in the form of Revolving Funds from 11 commercial banks. For low interest loans to invest in the projects, the interest is 4% for 7 years. The banks that are in this project are:
1. Kasikorn Bank 2. Krung Thai Bank 3. Bangkok Bank
4. Siam Commercial Bank 5. Bank of Ayudhya 6. TMB
7. Siam City Bank 8. EXIM Bank 9. SME Bank 10. CIMB 11. UOB
The banks have been participating in the project since 2003 with over 30,000 Baht in joint investment.
Table showing adder for 2007-2014 (Baht/kWh)
Type of RE 2014 2009 Special Adder for Diesel Replacement Special Adder for Three Southernmost Provinces Year Supported Biomass Installed Capacity <= 1 MW 0.5 0.3 1.0 1.0 7 Installed Capacity > 1 MW 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 7 Biogas Installed Capacity <= 1 MW 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.0 7 Installed Capacity > 1 MW 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 7
Waste (MSW and Industrial Waste, Excluding Hazardous Waste and Organic Waste)
Landfill and Digester 2.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 7 Thermal Process 2.5 3.5 1.0 1.0 7 Wind Installed Capacity <= 50 kW 3.5 4.5 1.5 1.5 10 Installed Capacity > 50 kW 3.5 3.5 1.5 1.5 10 Small/Micro Hydro 50 kW < Installed Capacity < 200 kW 0.4 0.87 1.0 1.0 7 Installed Capacity < 50 kW 0.8 1.5 1.0 1.0 7 Solar ( Feed in Tariff ) 5.66 6.5 1.5 1.5 10
As for tax incentives, the BOI has given a Tax Holiday for renewable energy projects for 8 years or Tax Exemption of Import Duties on Renewable Energy Project or Corporate Income Tax Reduction.
In 2009, the adder regulation was revised to speed up the projects’ ability to operate. The revisions are that in the case of production of electricity from renewable energy that has production capacity of less than 100 kW, there is no need for collateral (Bid Bond 200 Baht/kW) and will not receive adder if the project is not able to sell electricity into the system within 1 year from the Scheduled Commercial Operating Date (SCOD) (Effective for projects without PPA that proposed after July 2009). Note: The date that the Very Small Power Producer can sell electricity (Commercial Operation Date: COD).
Also, in the case that the project has production capacity of no more than 10 MW in the form of VSPP, there is no need for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) from the benefits that the production of renewable energy has been set into Thailand’s Power Development Plan in the long term:
1. Peak Load Reduction 2. Line Loss Reduction
3. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction 4. Power Plant Deferral
5. T&D Deferral
There are suggestions to revise some technical regulations such as limitations in the delivery system in the case of Feeder with pressure system of 22 kV that can connect no more than 8 MW to the renewable energy’s production as well in the case of Feeder with pressure system of 33 kV that can connect no more than 10 MW.
In the case of pressure systems less than 380/220 V, if the same phase, it can connect no more than 11 kW/Feeder, and if are in 3-phase electrical system, it can connect no more than 56 kW. In the case of production capacity of more than 56 kW, there needs to be a connection with pressure system of 22-33 kV. In the case of production of renewable energy of more than 10 MW, it needs to connect to a pressure system of 69/115 kV, and can connect no more than 180 MW/Feeder.
Moreover, there are also rules related to VSPP/Feeder to consider, which are divided by pressure systems into 2 cases:
1. Pressure system of 22-33 kV, can connect no more than 4 VSPP/Feeder 2. Low pressure system of 380/220 V, no limit in the number of connections
The connection of renewable energy plants with the electricity system may affect the stability and energy security of the electricity system. Therefore, technical limitations for the connections have been set as follow:
1. Total Short Circuit Level at All Bus must be no less than 85% of the Interrupting Capacity of Equipment Protection
2. Power Quality Control, where the highest and lowest level of pressure in normal case and emergency case are showed in table 1.4
3. Power Factor (P.F.), which is divided into 2 cases:
3.1 VSPP with inverter: in this case, VSPP need to maintain P.F. level between 0.9 Leading - 0.9 lagging (if Power Output has 10% more capacity than the highest capacity of the inverter)
3.2 VSPP with no inverter: in this case, VSPP need to maintain P.F. level between 0.9 Leading - 0.9 Lagging
4. Voltage Fluctuation: Voltage at PCC Change shall no exceed: 4.1 20% in 1 sec
4.2 30% in 0.5 sec 4.3 50% in 0.2 sec
5. Frequency: VSPP can connect to pressure systems at the frequency of . In the case that the frequency is outside the range of 48-51 for more than 0.1 sec, the VSPP must Disconnect Interconnection CB from PEA Grid)
6. Harmonic: Rules are shown in table 1.5
7. In the case of VSPP with more than 1 MW, the VSPP must have 2 backup Communication Channels Highest and lowest level of pressure in normal case and emergency case
Voltage System Normal Operation Emergency Operation
Max Min Max Min
115 kV 102.7 109.2 126.5 103.5 69 kV 72.4 65.5 75.9 62.1 33 kV 34.7 31.3 36.3 29.7 22 kV 23.1 20.9 24.2 19.8 380 V 342 418 342 418 220 V 200 240 200 240
Rules about Harmonic
Voltage Level at PCC Total Harmonic
Distortion of Voltage (%)
Harmonic Distortion Order of Voltage (%)
ODD EVEN 0.4 kV 5 4 2 11, 22, 24 kV 4 3 1.75 33 kV 3 2 1 69 kV 2.45 1.63 0.82 115 kV and Above 1.5 1 0.5
Moreover, the PEA has extended the Power Purchasing Agreement: PPA every 5 years, continuously and automatically, in which the PEA will purchase electricity from the VSPP as follow:
Tariff
Details Price (Baht/kWh)
Peak Off Peak
Base Tariff 3.8548 2.0424
Wholesale Ft 0.3129 Baht for May – July 2015
Note: On Peak and Off Peak time are according to the announcement of the PEA (www.pea.co.th) On Peak: 09.00 - 22.00 Monday-Friday and Royal Plugging Ceremony day
Off Peak: 22.00 - 09.00 Monday-Friday and Royal Plugging Ceremony day
00.00 - 24.00 Saturday-Sunday and Labor Day and normal public holidays not including Royal Plugging Ceremony day and substitution holidays
For the variable electricity cost (Ft), the trend is rising continuously. Statistics in 2007 shows the increase in variable electricity cost. Details are shown in the table at the end. Contacting related organizations is crucial to the development of VSPP projects, as shown in the figure. Factors that will contribute to the success of the project are:
1. Have high enough potential of renewable energy 2. Have suitable wind power technology
3. Receive acceptance from the community 4. Have source of funds to support that project
Wind power technology
Wind turbines
The important components of wind turbines are: 1. Stationary Part: Consists of 1.1 Tower 1.2 Nacelle 2. Rotating Part Consists of
2.1 Wind Turbine Blade 2.2 Hub
Other important components are: 1. Generator
2. Operating Controller
3. Speed and direction censor to control the wind turbine Large scale wind turbine as in the picture has components as follow: 1. Rotor Blades made from fiber glass and plastic
2. Hub made from Cast Iron
3. Turbine Frame, which is a steel pipe made that is strong and can withstand shakes and reduces noise 4. Rotor Bearing, is a hard spherical-ball-bearer if 2 layers, which is a pipe-like box
5. Rotor Shaft, a pipe made from steel 6. Gearbox, a 2 layer gear speed reducer
8. Generator Coupling
9. Generator, with 2-way liquid asynchronous cooling system 10. Cooling Radiator, to cool the gearbox
11. Fan Coolers to cool the generator
12. Wind Measuring System, consisting of a anemometer and a wind arrow that can measure wind conditions and signal the control function of the wind turbine
13. Control System, to monitor and control the wind turbine
14. Hydraulic System, to control and maintain hydraulic pressure of the brake discs and brakes of the wind turbine
15. Yaw Drive, consisting of 2 gears, driven by electrical motors that are control using frequency 16. Yaw Bearing, 4-Point Ball-Bearing with Outer Teething and brake disc system
17. Nacelle Cover, made from fiber glass and plastic on the top of the steel structure 18. Tower
19. Pitch System, consisting of 3 independent pitch gear, driven by electrical motors
New wind turbine technologies, classified by type of machinery, are 2 main types: Gearbox Technology and Gearless Technology. Although gearless technology is more efficient, but they also have higher costs. Another advantage of gearless technology is the lower maintenance cost. The pros and cons of both technologies are shown in the table below. However, in the consideration to purchase wind turbines of the project, the points to be considered to find the optimal use of wind power electricity production are:
1. Which technology to use, gear or gearless, has the technology been tested or is it a prototype 2. The height from the center of the rotor or tower
3. Area of the rotor or the diameter of the rotor
4. Initial wind speed and ending wind speed that the wind turbine will still operate
5. Installation capacity 6. Power-speed curve
7. Credibility of the manufacturer, product from Europe, America, India or China 8. Market share of that model of wind turbine
9. Installation duration of that model for other projects
10. Problems occurred from those models that are installed in other projects such as accidents, fire in the control room etc.
11. Delivery time from purchasing order to installation day 12. Price
Table comparing pros and cons of wind turbine technology
Technology Pros Cons
Gear
Have many models to choose from
The technology has been developed for quite some time
Cheaper that gearless technology
High maintenance cost
Some models have problems about the gearbox
Lower efficiency than gearless technology Gearless
New technology, just recently developed Higher efficiency than gear technology
Work in damp conditions
Not many manufacturers of this technology More expensive than gear technology