Så här säger man
gou have already had a number of second conjugation verbs, Herefoiiow their present and past tenses:
How to: Infinitive Present tense Past tense
• as k for permission IIa stänga close stänger close/s stängde closed
ställa put stäHer put/s ställde put Kan jag/inte/få...? C an I/can't I.. . ? svänga tum svänger tum/s svängde turned
Skulle jag kunna få...? Could I... ? ringa ring ringer ring/s ringde rang
• gr a nt permission behöva need behöver need/s behövde needed
Du får.. . You may .. IIb köpa buy k öper b uy / s köpte bought
D ukan.. . You can .. läsa read läser rea d / s läste read
åka go åker go/es åkte uient
• re f use permission tycka think tycke r th i n h /s
tyckte thought Du får inte.. . You must not... hjälpa help hjälpe r he l p/s hjälpt e he l ped Du kan inte... You can't... Please note that verbs whose stem enda in an -r have no added pre
• en quire about ability sent tense ending — the etern serves as the present tense — and verbs
Kan du (köra bil)? Can you (dri ve)? whose stem ends in -nd drop the 'd' before endings starting with 'd'or 't', A verb containing a double 'm' or 'n' drops one 'm' or 'n' before Har du (kört i högertrafik)? Hav e you (experi ence of driving an ending starting with 'd' or "t';
on the right)?
Infinitive Present tense Past tense
• of fer advice
köra drive kör drive/s körde drove Det är bäst att vi .. We had better .. höra hear hör hear/s
hörde heard
Du borde... You ought to... lära Learn lär learn/s
lärde learnt Du skulle... You should...
vända t u m vänder tu m /s vände turned hända happen händer happen/s hände happened
Grammatik
glömma forget glömmer forget/s glömde forgotkänna feel känner feel/s kände felt
1 Verbs: past tense of the second conj ugation
The present tense of second conjugation verbs ends in -er and the
2 The past tense of the third conjugation
past tense has either -de (if the stem ends in a voiced consonant) or The past tense of the third conjugation verbs (those verbs where the-te (if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (f, k, p, s, t) added to the
stem of the verb. is only -r) ends in -dde, so you see that the past tense endings of theinfinitive ends in a vowel other than -a, and the present tense ending The voiced consonants are those where the vocal cords play a part in regular verbs are very sim ilar. Here are the present and past tenses the formation of the sound. Put your fingers on the front of the neck. of some common third conjugation verbs:
Pronounce 'd' (voiced) and 't' (voiceless), and feel the difference.
S VVEDISH HAVE YOU E VE R D R I VEN ON THE RIGHT P
bo liue bor live/s bodde liued Det vet du ju. You know that, of course. tro believe tror believe/s trodde believed
klä dress klär dressles klädde dressed Unstressed nog means probably, I expect, though the speaker is not qulte sure:
Det blir nog regn i morgon. It iui l l probably rain tomorrow,
3 M i ste (must)
Hon är nog hemma idag. S hei s probably at home today.The Swedish verb måste and the English verb must correspond to When stressed nog means enough; det är nog (that is enough). each other if there is no negation in the same clause, The English
must not is rendered får inte in Swedish, and the Swedish måste
inte means need not, don't have to.
$
0
The same difference exists of course in the past tense: fick inte 0- is a negation (corresponding to un-, in-, or dis-) when it is prefixed
means wasn't allowed to, whereas didn't need to should be translated to an adjective, an adverb or a verb, for example; as måste inte, since the same form — måste — is used for present
vanlig usual o vanlig unus u a l tense (must), past tense (had to) and future tense (shall/will have to).
lycklig h appy olycklig u nha p py
Jag måste gå nu. I must leaue now. lydig obedient olydig disob e dient
Man får inte röka här. One must not smoke here. känd well known, o känd unkno w n Polisen sade, att han måste The p o lice said that he bad to giltig valid ogiltig in val i d
legitimera sig. show proof of identi ty. gift married ogift unmarried
V i måste resa hem snart. We skal l h ave to go home soon. bekvämt com f ortably obekvämt uncomfortably Du måste inte vara där förrän Y ou don't have to be there until frivilligt volunt a ri ly ofrivilligt inuo l untarily
klockan fem. fiue o'clock gilla like ogilla d isli ke
However, the meaning changes altogether in certain words when o- is
4 Väl — ju — nog
prefixed to it:lycka happi ness, luck accident
These are very common adverbs. Väl expresses what the speaker olycka
thinks, guesses or hopes. lt is best translated by I suppose or a 'tag gräs grass ogräs weed
väder weather oväder storm
question', for example:
djur animal odjur monster
Du är väl inte sjuk? You aren't ill, are you? Han är väl duktig? I suppose he is elever?
8 Väderstrecken (points of the compass)
When stressed väl means u ell, e.g. väl betald (uell-paid). It can also
mean too much when stressed, e.g. det är väl dyrt (it is rather Study the figure on the next page and note the words for the points of
expensi ve). the compass.
So-called 'tag questions' are also translated by eller hur: Hon är gift, eller hur? Sheis married, isn't she?
Ju appeals to the listener, expecting him/her to agree with you, lt
means you knou, of course, to be sure: