Significance tests and effect size scores indicate that the audience you-identity roles whose realisation can be considered as marks of oral performance among individuals in this study are innovation user and tourist.
5.6.1.1.Innovation user (originator)
The innovation user role is the audience mirror image of the presenter originator role. In Tang and John's (1999) taxonomy, originator is the most powerful authorial stance role because it implies claiming authority or ownership towards generated knowledge or innovations. In module 2 (Nausa, 2016), originator was also the one that exhibited the highest log likelihood value in the level of achievement comparisons, so it is not surprising that its mirror image role is also the one with the highest log likelihood value in this study.
As explained in 5.4.1.1, in the projection of this audience role, hearers are invited to be part of a category simulation (Gast et al., 2015) in which they pretend to be potential users of the
knowledge or innovation created by the originator. In the 80 cases of this role, all cases of you were in subject position in active voice clauses, which means that innovation users were construed as potential active users of the innovation.
In the 80 innovation user projections, you collocates with activity (45%), existence (24%), mental (13%), and communication verbs (10%). Activity verbs include actions that can be done with innovations (e.g. connect, use, save, apply, prevent, optimize), or that could happen without the innovation (e.g. lose, waste), actions that imply the use of money (e.g. pay, save, buy, get, invest). Existence verbs (be, have) refer to states or things (mental or physical) that the innovation user might (or not) have. Mental verbs, the same as activity verbs, refer to actions that can be done with innovation or generated knowledge. Biber et al. (1999) propose various subtypes of mental verbs: cognitive state (e.g. know, think), cognitive dynamic activity (e.g. calculate, consider, control), emotional state (love, want, hope, need), perception (e.g. see, hear), receipt of communication (e.g. read, hear). In the 80 innovation user sentences, the most
common verb was need (emotional state) used to convey necessity. Other not so recurrent mental verbs include prepare, calculate, control (cognitive state).
In you-innovation user projections, some of these verbs were used within specific patterns. The following are the two most recurrent ones.
(24) So the idea of do an arrangement with a supplier that you trust is attractive because if you trust of him, then you don't have to do this operation, because the supplier, when he is making the product, he already have controls and then when you get the products you don't have to do the process again. So you save this part of the operation. (S-H-INGE-7)
• You can [activity/mental verb]
• You don’t [mental verb]
The use of these patterns is not necessarily a mark of discrimination between the different levels of achievement. The you can pattern is almost similarly distributed among the three
groups. However, the second pattern (you don’t [mental verb]) is only used by high achievers. Unexpectedly, this role is not mentioned in other studies of you in oral presentations neither directly nor in the form of the discourse functions it implies.
From the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the role, we can conclude that the difference between high, medium, and low achievers lies in the fact that high achievers more frequently use pronouns to address the audience as potential end users of innovations. Not surprisingly, more instances of their you-innovation projections include more types of verbs and you-patterns.
(25) Because it’s a time-consuming machine activity, so when you are eh
operating these machines you are spending money. But eh the [fs] there is a [fs] a [fs] a like a [fs] an idea that you can save money if you control the compaction process. (S-L-INGE-5)
(26) Now, this is another important part of the arrangement, storage costs, because when you get to the ultimate form of just-in-time philosophy you can cut off [fs] you don't need a warehouse, [unintelligible], you don't need a big warehouse, you don't need a technology to control all those products because you receive all your needs, all your goods, only when you need it. (S- H-INGE-7)
5.6.1.2.Tourist (guide)
The audience tourist role has as its mirror image the presenter guide role. In Tang and John's (1999) taxonomy, guide is one of the second least powerful authorial stance role because it just implies showing familiarity with field knowledge. In module 2 (Nausa, 2016), guide was the third role with the highest log likelihood value in the level of achievement comparisons, so it is expected that tourist, its audience mirror image role, is also one with the highest log likelihood values in this study.
In 5.4.1.1, this audience role was explained as one in which hearers are directly
addressed; therefore, its use is personal (Gast et al., 2015). In the 85 cases of this role, 70 were in subject position and the remaining 15 in object position. You-tourist projections show you
collocating with mental-perception (45%), activity (16%), and existence (1%) verbs. Mental- perception verbs (see, observe) cluster with you in subject position. Activity verbs (present, show) co-occur with you in object position.
Differences between levels of achievement are noticed at this point. First, as can be seen in the normalised frequencies in Table 5.1, low achievers (5.6) do not directly address the
audience to explain their slides as much as medium (12.6) and high achievers (15.2) do. Second, although the sentences that they use are very similar in general structure, low-rated OPs tend to have more grammar and vocabulary errors.
(27) Eh I have a little question or suggestion for [fs] for you like a [fs] like an always. When you eh [fs] when you eh look this picture eh how you see? In your mind. (S-L-HIST-5)
(28) …of photographs in anthropology from 1845 to 2006 [reading 1] Ok, eh you look some photo [fs] old photographs I suppose, in your house have… (S-L-ANTR-1) (29) So, how [fs] you can see at the picture it is a kindergarten eh she is… (S-L-
The following are the two most recurrent patterns in the projection of the tourist role.
• You can see
• Show you
These two patterns can be considered marks of level discrimination. Low achievers use of these is really low. The you can see pattern has 9 occurrences for high achievers, 4 for medium, and 1 for low. The show you pattern has 22 occurrences for high achievers, 2 for low, and 24 for medium. These raw frequencies have log likelihood values of 5.4 and 17.73, respectively. These patterns take as complements prepositional phrases (in this picture) and adverbs (here) that refer to the visuals in the OP. As described in the deixis chapter, the role dyad guide-tourist also implies the use of gestural deixis, which as it was demonstrated, is more consistently orchestrated with the verbal mode by high achievers.
Reference to visuals or the place in the oral presentation that this role implies is also reported in other studies of you. Vassileva (2002) reports the use of you by experienced linguistics researchers to refer to handouts given to the audience; Rowley-Jolivet and Carter-
(30) Eh human collecting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding ability to those species [fs] species to recover. You can see in this slide the efficient industry, the tuna. (S-H-CBIO2)
(31) Here I I show you the Google books in grand viewer is like a list for the publication of one topic in that period and again you can see the increase of that eh books reflects the importance of the [fs] of the matter, the subject. (S- H-ECON-2)
Thomas (2005b), to refer to information on slides; and Fernández Polo (2018) to guide the audience attention to specific data.
From the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the role, it can be concluded that high and medium achievers outperform low achievers, not only in how often they address the audience, but also in how lexicogrammatically correct sentences are produced. This confirms what other studies have reported and complements verbal and gestural deixis analysis in this thesis.