Capítulo III. Implementación de la reforma procesal en la función del juez eclesiástico
3.4. A modo de síntesis
Integrity provided by RAIM, unless SBAS is available LP minima
Non Precision Approach 2D operation
Angular lateral guidance based on GNSS augmented by SBAS Expected to be flown using CDFA technique
Integrity provided by SBAS
Not published at runways with LPV minima
LNAV/VNAV minima - Approach with Vertical guidance (APV) 3D operation
Linear lateral guidance based on GNSS
Linear vertical guidance based on BaroVNAV (can also be supported by SBAS and, in any case, the used angular vertical guidance must be certified or the purpose)
Integrity provided by RAIM, unless SBAS is available
LNAV/VNAV minima
LPV minima - Approach with Vertical guidance (APV) 3D operation
Angular lateral and vertical guidance based on GNSS augmented by SBAS
Figure 19.20
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P e r f o r m a n c e B a s e d N a v i g a t i o n ( P B N )
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Performance -based Navigation (PBN)
Integrity provided by SBAS
LPV Final Approach Segment is specially coded into a Data Block inside the on-board navigation database. It is known as the FAS DB.
VPA – Vertical Path Angle.
LPV minima FAS DB
“The set o parameters to identiy a single precision approach or APV and define its associated approach path” (ICAO)”
Is part o the data package o an APV SBAS procedure:
The FAS-DB contain the parameters that define the Final Approach Segment geometry
The integrity o the data in ensured by the generation o a CRC algorithm (Cyclic redundancy check)
LPV minima FAS DB: why?
To ensure the integrity o databases
In ILS/MLS approaches, integrity is ensured by:
Proper alignment o transmitting antennas Flight checks
Integrity monitors on the transmitted signal LPV approaches:
A kind o approach based on on-board data
Integrity rests on the data describing the approach path Hence the importance o having a CRC wrapping the FAS DB
Performance-based Navigation (PBN)
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er P f or m an c eB a s e d aN vi g a t oi n
( P B N )
In terms o phraseology, no distinction is made between the different types o RNAV (GNSS) approaches (no distinction according to LPV, LNAV/VNAV and LNAV minima)
The minima to which the procedure is flown is unknown to Air Traffic Controllers
Figure 19.21
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P e r f o r m a n c e B a s e d N a v i g a t i o n ( P B N )
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Performance -based Navigation (PBN)
Most RNAV (GNSS) final approach procedures leading to LNAV, LNAV/VNAV or LPV minima, may be preceded by either an initial and intermediate T-bar or Y-bar approach. In this case all segments are published on the same chart.
A T- or Y-bar arrangement permits direct entry to the procedure rom any direction, provided entry is made rom within the capture region associated with an IAF.
Where one or both offset IAFs are not provided, a direct entry will not be available rom all directions. In such cases a holding pattern may be provided at the IAF to enable entry to the procedure via a procedure turn.
Sometimes may be preceded by an initial and intermediate RNAV 1 approach (generally preceded by a RNAV 1 STAR) or by radar guidance
Performance-based Navigation (PBN)
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er P f or m an c eB a s e d aN vi g a t oi n
( P B N )
A RNP APCH shall not be flown unless it is retrievable by procedure name rom the on-board navigation database and conorms to the charted procedure
Retrieving a procedure rom the database:
By name: usually IAF
I LPV is available, also by SBAS Channel Number, which is a unique worldwide identifier composed o 5 numeric characters, in the range o 40000 to 99999
Example GRAZ RNAV (GNSS) RWY 35 3 IAFs: WG832, WG834 and WG833 1 Channel Number: 48472
Pilot can select one o the 4 previous options. Selecting the channel number will load an
‘extended’ Final Approach Segment, as an ILS. In this later case, pilot is expected to intercept the extended FAS ollowing ATC Vectors To Final
‘Direct to’ waypoints ollowing ATC clearances are allowed except or FAP
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P e r f o r m a n c e B a s e d N a v i g a t i o n ( P B N )
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Performance -based Navigation (PBN)
Questions
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Q u e s t i on s
Questions
1. Which o the ollowing is a 2D approach?
a. ILS
b. LPV
c. LNAV
d. LNAV/VNAV
2. Which o the ollowing is a 3D approach?
a. LNAV
b. VOR/DME
c. LPV
d. SRA
3. Which o the ollowing may be required or a LNAV/VNAV approach (Select 2)?
a. SBAS
b. Dual GNSS sensors c. BaroVNAV
d. DME
4. Which o the ollowing requires specific authorisation?
a. SRA
b. RNP APCH c. RNP AR APCH
d. RNAV1
5. For the RNAV 5 specification, the population o aircraf operating within the airspace, route, or procedure are expected to be:
a. Within 5nm o the desired path at least 95% o the time
b. Within 5nm o their displayed position at least 95% o the time c. Within 5km o their displayed position at least 95% o the time d. Within 5nm o the desired path at least 99% o the time
6. Which o the ollowing sources may be used or RNAV compliance?
a. ILS
b. NDB
c. GNSS
d. RADAR
7. Which o the ollowing may be used in the approach phase o flight?
a. RNAV1
b. RNP APCH
c. RNP4
d. P-RNAV
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Questions
8. What does the ollowing symbol depict?
a. A waypoint which must be flown over b. A waypoint which may be flown by c. The Final Approach Fix
d. A VOR installation
9. What does the ollowing symbol depict?
a. A waypoint which may be flown by b. A VOR/DME installation
c. A waypoint which must be flown over d. The Initial Approach Fix
10. Under which o the ollowing circumstances may GNSS be used as a means o primary navigation?
a. To overlay an NDB approach contained within a current equipment database b. To fly a RNAV or RNP approach contained within the equipment’s database c. To fly a published terminal NDB hold when the aircraf is not equipped with
ADF
d. To fly the final approach track o an ILS 11. The Time to Alert (TTA) or a LPV Approach is;
a. 6 seconds b. 10 seconds c. 15 minutes d. 15 seconds
12. In terms o PBN, Accuracy is defined as;
a. The trust that can be placed in the navigation solution
b. The ability o the system to present usable inormation to the operator c. The measure o the precision o the navigation solution
d. The ability o the system to perorm its unction without interruption 13. PBN consists o three elements. They are;
a. Navigation Application, Specification and Inrastructure b. RNAV, RNP and Beacon Hopping
c. Ground, Space and Control d. Space, User and Control
14. PBN accommodates both linear and angular laterally guided operations;
a. For en-route operations b. For Approach operations
c. For Approach and en-route operations d. For RNP 0.1 Approaches only
Answers
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A n s w er s
15. RNP 1 is based on;
a. VOR/DME and does not require on-board perormance and monitoring b. IRS and is used or oceanic/continental airspace
c. NDB and requires on-board perormance and monitoring d. GNSS and requires on-board perormance and monitoring 16. PBN Navigational unctional requirements include;
a. Aircraf position relative to track and distance and bearing to the active waypoint
b. On-board perormance monitoring and alerting unction c. A requirement that TSE is bounded at zero
d. At least two LRNS, one o which must be GNSS 17. There are two types o Fixed Radius Paths. Namely;
a. Radius to Fix and Fixed Radius Transition b. Offset flight path and Fixed Radius Transition
c. RNAV Offset flight path and RNP Offset flight path d. Hold and Path terminators
18. Data processes applied in PBN are critical to saety because;
a. RNAV and RNP applications use the data to define procedures to be flown b. They determine the ILS decision height
c. The accuracy needs to be checked against the VOR/NDB
d. The processes used to define RNP routes can be used without an up to date Navigation Database
19. What is meant by the term FAS DB?
a. Final Approach Segment Database b. Full Auto System Data Block
c. Final Approach Segment Data Block d. Flight Approach System Database 20. The PBN Airspace Concept consists o;
a. COM, NAV, SUR and ATM b. En-route, Oceanic and Terminal c. LNAV, VNAV and LPV
d. VOR, DME and GNSS
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