Monitoreo de la implementación de las políticas contra la violencia de género

Output in Select Industries

1990-1994

prod net 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

coal (10,000 tons) 35,773 [33] 33,793 [31] 42,357 [38] 51,343 [45] 30,017 [24] electricity(100,000 kWh) 135,099 [02] 135,196 [02] 163,770 [02] 189,550 [02] 208,400 [02] chem. fertilisers (10 tons) N.A 164,654 [8.3] 207,388 [10] 317,139 [16] 512,546 [23]

farm tools (10,000) N.A 59,819 92,326 183,608 N.A

bricks (1000,000) 417,371 421,040 495,485 640,841 698,206 cement prefabfricated. components (10,000 in3) 60,511 55,047 9,055 22,733 N.A granite (10,000 m3) 22,217 29,409 4,957 6,141 N.A marble (10,000 m3) 1,809 1,371 948 2,610 N.A clothing (10,000) 251,234 393,787 326,092 580,820 835,866 leather products (10,000) 65,131 63,700 73,974 134,581 112,381 silk textiles (10,000 m) 79,834 76,799 104,807 160,939 N .A cloth (10,000 m) 404,462 [21] 359,928 [20] 391,048 [21] 515,151 [25] 584,624 [28] woollen fabrics (10,000 m) 8,047 [27] N.A 12,344 [37] N.A N.A

paper products (10 tons) N.A 602,947 [41] 787,182 [46] 1,132341 [59] 546,720[49] NOTES:

(i) N.A - not available, (ii) Where national figures are available, rural enterprise output as a percentage o f the national total is given in parenthesis, (iii) Percentages are rounded to the nearest whole number, (iv) The percentages are estimates. The figures for rural enterprises are from China Agriculture Yearbook and are collected by the Bureau o f Township and Village Enterprises. The national totals used to calculate the percentages are from the Statistical Yearbook o f China which is compiled by the State Statistical Bureau. Caution is needed given possible discrepencies in collection methods. Rural enterprise gross output value as a proportion of society’s gross output value in agriculture, industry and construction for 1980, 1985 and 1990-1995 is given in table 4.5.27 In each of the years rural enterprises have accounted for 5% or less of agricultural gross output value suggesting that they are of marginal importance in that sector. However, in construction and industry the situation is different. In construction, rural enterprise share increased from 17.3% in 1980 to 31.5% in 1985 and 66.7% in 1995. The rate of growth in

TABLE 4.5

Rural Enterprise Gross Output Value as a Proportion of Total Gross Output Value for Society in Agriculture. Construction and Industry

Year Agriculture Construction Industry

a b c a b c a b c 1980 39.4 1923 2.0 60 347 17.3 509 5154 9.9 1985 58.7 3619 1.6 310 985 31.5 1827 9716 18.8 1990 141,8 7662 1.8 952 1948 48.9 6050 23924 25.3 1991 179.5 8157 2.2 1141 2285 49.9 8709 28240 30.8 1992 246.8 9085 2.7 1744 3299 52.9 13635 37066 36.8 1993 401.9 10996 3.7 3227 5499 58.7 23447 52692 44.5 1994 575.6 15750 3.7 4076 7684 53.0 32336 70176 46.1 1995 1018 20341 5.0 6336 9505 66.7 51529 91893 56.1

SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook o f China (various years)

NOTES: (i) (a) rural enterprise gross output value in 100,000,000 yuan, (b) total gross output value in the relevant sector in 100,000,000 yuan, and (c) = (a/b)xl00 expressed as a percentage, (ii) Comparable statistics for transportation and commerce & food services were not available, (iii) The value for 1980 is given for T.V.Es - see notes to table 4.3. the proportion of industrial gross output produced by rural enterprises is similar. Rural enterprises were responsible for 9.9% of gross output value in 1980, but in 1985 this figure had grown to 18.8% and in 1995 it was 56.1%.

While there is considerable overlap between the type of products which rural enterprises and S.O.Es produce, there are some important differences. First, rural enterprises often specialise in labour intensive production such as building materials, textiles and other light manufacturing. Second, irrespective of the goods or services that they produce, rural enterprises tend to make more use of labour intensive methods. For example, Jefferson et a! (1992) provide deflated capital stock estimates (at 1980 constant prices) for industrial S.O.Es and for urban and township collectives (township and above industrial enterprises with independent accounting mechanisms) for the

period 1980 to 1988. They found that the gap in fixed assets per worker had narrowed from 5.7:1 in 1980, but it was still 4:1 in 1988. At historical values, fixed assets per worker in industrial S.O.Es in 1988 were approximately 20,800 yuan, compared to 3,240 yuan in T.V.Es (including a small amount for service establishments). Allowing for working capital, total capital per worker was 26,860 yuan in S.O.Es and 6,385 yuan in T.V.Es (Ody 1992 p.11).

Performance

Both T.V.Es and the broader category rural enterprises, have grown at a phenomenal rate. The growth performance of both is outstanding when compared with the rest of the (developing and developed) world. Table 4.6 gives some statistics on rural enterprises which illustrate their growing importance. The statistics on rural enterprises are from 1985 (below village categories were added to T.V.Es in 1984). Between 1985 and 1995 the number of rural enterprises grew at an average rate of 17.1 %. The number of people working in rural enterprises has grown at an annual rate of 8.4%. The original value of fixed assets in rural enterprises has grown at an annual rate of 27.6%, while the growth in annual real gross output value between 1984 and 1995, consistent with the figures in tables 4.3 and 4.5, was 25.8%.

TABLE 4.6

Selected Statistics for Rural Enterprises 1985-1995 Average Annual Growth Rates

C A T E G O R Y 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 6 - 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 5 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 9 5 Number of Enterprises 6 2 . 6 5 9 . 0 7 4 . 9 4 1 7 . 1 0 Number of Workers 1 7 . 1 4 _{6 .0 2} 6 . 6 5 8 . 3 6 Original Value o f Fixed Assets 2 8 . 3 3 2 4 . 1 5 3 0 . 1 5 2 7 . 6 3 Real Gross Output Value 1 7 . 1 0 1 3 . 2 1 3 4 . 5 1 2 5 . 8 0

SOURCES; Statistical Yearbook o f China (various years).

(i) N.A not available, (ii) statistics on rural enterprises were only published from 1984. Before this published statistics were for T.V.Es. Figures are not given for 1984 to avoid artificially inflating growth, (iii) G.O.Vs were deflated using industrial G.O.V implicit price deflators.

TABLE 4.7

Township Enterprises and Village Enterprises

{Number of Enterprises. Gross Output Value and Number of Workers 1978-19951

YEAR Number of Real Gross Output Number of Workers

Enterprises (1000’s) Value(biIlion. yuan) (million) at 1978 constant prices

Township Village Township Village Township Village

1978 320 1205 28.1 21.2 12.6 15.7 1979 321 1160 28.3 22.2 13.1 15.9 1980 337 1082 28.9 22.5 13.9 16.1 1981 335 1002 31.4 23.2 14.2 15.5 1982 338 1024 33.7 24.7 15.0 16.2 1983 338 1008 36.6 26.4 16.7 16.7 1984 402 1462 41.6 33.0 18.8 21.0 1985 420 1430 49.7 39.7 21.1 22.2 1986 426 1302 57.2 44.6 22.7 22.7 1987 420 1163 67.5 52.4 24.0 23.2 1988 424 1167 81.7 64.5 24.9 24.0 1989 406 1130 86.5 70.6 23.8 23.4 1990 388 1066 93.9 76.8 23.3 22.6 1991 382 1060 127.1 102.4 24,3 23.4 1992 393 1127 179.9 147.4 26.1 25.4 1993 434 1251 266.6 236.5 28.8 28.9 1994 423 1228 350.1 321.8 29.6 29.4 1995 417 1201 481.2 456.6 30.3 30.3 1978-1995 average animal growth rate 1.8% 1.9% 19.0% 20.9% 5.3% 4.4%

NOTES: G.O.Vs were deflated using industrial G.O.V implicit price deflators. SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook o f Chirm 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996

Table 4.7 presents some comparable statistics on T.V.Es for the period 1978- 1995. The number of T.V.Es, relative to rural enterprises as a whole, has been static with annual growth 1.8-1.9%. The number of people working in T.V.Es has increased at an annual rate of around 5%. The real gross output value of township enterprises has increased at 19% and the real gross output value of village enterprises has increased at 20.9%. When compared with the statistics in table 4.6, this suggest that the rate of growth in the various below village categories such as co-operatives, partnerships, private

and individual firms - the private sector - has been greater than in T.V.Es. There are also far more firms in the private sector than there are T.V.Es. The private sector made up 93% of rural enterprises in 1995 (Statistical Yearbook of China 1996 p.387). However, these figures tend to give a misleading picture, when weighing up the relative importance of the private sector and T.V.Es, for a couple of reasons. First in 1995, in spite of their small numbers in relative terms, T.V.Es still accounted for 47.1% of total workers in rural enterprises and produced 61% of their gross output value (Statistical Yearbook of China 1996 p.389). Second, it has to be remembered that the below village categories were starting from a smaller base in terms of output. The growth in real gross output value shown in tables 4.6 and 4.7 is reflected in figure 4.2 which shows the average annual share of gross industrial output value by ownership since the reforms were initiated in 1978. Figure 4.2 compares the share of industrial gross output for rural enterprises from table 4.5 with that of S.O.Es. Two trends are discernible. The first is the decline in the industrial output value in the state sector relative to the non-state sector. The second is the increasing importance of rural enterprise share in the non-state sector. The average annual share of gross industrial output value for rural enterprises between 1981 and 1983 was 11.19%. However, in 1993-94 this figure was four times as great (43.25%). Table 4.8 compares the financial performance of collectively-owned enterprises (C.O.Es) and S.O.Es for the period 1985 to 1994. The obvious point from the table is that C.O.Es and S.O.Es display similar trends. Over the period both exhibit falling profit rates, an increase in the proportion of loss-making enterprises, and an increase in the loss-to-profit ratio. On the whole S.O.Es performed better than C.O.Es in the boom period of 1985-1988. However, in the recession and subsequent rebound period (ie. since 1989) each of the financial indicators suggest that C.O.Es have performed better than S.O.Es.

China: Average Annual Share of Gross Industrial Output Value by Ownership (values are annual percentages averaged over the period)

M h-» i—* M M VO VO VO vO vO 00 CO 00 VO vO -Cr o U ) 00 CO 00 vO vO U ) OS VO r\j years State-Owned l\b> State CX/\ned ® Riral Enterprises

SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook of China (various years)

NOTES: The 1978-1980 value for rural enterprises was not available. The rural enterprise value for 1981-1983 is for T.V.Es - see notes to table 4.3.

TABLE 4.8

Comparative Financial Indicators for

Collectively-Owned Enterprises and State-Owned Enterprises

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994