Motor de CD en conexi´ on en serie y motor/dinam´ ometro

Therefore because meristematic c entres, at

which

the greatest part

of

the herbage is initially formed, are w.i. thin

!

inch

of

the soil surface ,

210

190

170

1)0

1 30

110

90

70

Figure

2

:!'JEAN

HOURS OF Sill'!SiiiNE PER

l'10NTH,

1928 - 19)6 Gras sland Division, Pa1merston North

-.36-

The time at which spring groivth occurs is important to the dairy farmer and is largely determined by the temperature and light. September is the month in which a flush of spring growth usually takes place ; but the data

0

shows that September has a

minimum

grass temperature of

36

F.

or less twenty

five per-cent of the time and a mean air temperature of

.50

degrees or less forty per-cent of the time. It appears that at temperatures of

.50

degrees

or less little grass growth �dll occur in most of the pasture species used

in this area.

The climatic response of different pasture species varies, however,

K . J . Mitchell states

( 31)

that the temperature for optimum groivth of the

individual tiller is about

60

degrees or less for the european grasses

i . e . the ryegrasses, cocksfoot, and yorkshire fog. There is however, a

considerable range of temperatures over which the changes

in

rate of gr01rth of these individual grasses are comparatively small.

Other Clim«tic Factors

Moisture and temperature are not the only controlling climatic

factors influencing plant growth. Brougham

( 32 )

has shown that light

interception by the leaves of pasture plants is a feature of major import-

ance in plant growth. As length of day and light intensity decrease towards

winter, the total light available decreases greatly, and this lowering of the amount of light intercepted and reduces plant growth.

An

indication of the aroount of light available is shown in Figure

2

illustrating monthly hours of sunshine at Palmerston North.

The

hours of sunshine have a distinct curve with a decline from a high level in January of

206

hours to a low

-

37

-

interception i s very important to obtain

maxi

mum gro

wt

h .

Other climatic factors such a s relative humidity; which declines from

a high level in June of

84 .4

per-cent to a low level in January of

71 . 9

per-cent and the mean

2h

hourly wind run in miles, which declines from a high level of

167

mi

l

es

in

January to a

low

level of

116

mlles

in

June are shown

in

graphical form in Appendix 2B.

It may be �oncluded that in the Palmerston North di s trict, temperature and amount of light available are the two

main

limiting factors in

Hin

ter p asture grm-rth, but the degree of limitation is dependent on other envlron­

mental factors 1 i . e . plant species, fertility, moi sture, and degree of defoliation . The primary limiting fac tor in the summer and autumn appears to be moisture availabili ty, but exce s sive temperatures mi ght also play a

rol e on pastures grm.r:i.ng on sandy soil type s where there i s little plant c over. Rainfall of exc e s sive amounts leading to pugg:i.ng and inefficient use of winter pasture is al so a particular problem to the town milk supPlier . Co:t1HON ECONOHIC FACTORS

There are certain economic factors which are common to all farmers in the Manawatu Producer ' s Association. These fac tors are

(

a ) certain policies of the Manawatu Produc er ' s Association

( 33 )

(

b

)

a guaranteed price for their

milk

and

(

c

)

a constant increasing demand for

milk.

The Manawatu Producer ' s Association officially known as the Manawatu Co-operative Milk Producer ' s Company Limited, i s a

duly

incorporated company with a managing secretary and board of directors c onsisting of seven members . Each town

mllk

supplier in the Palmerston North di strict i s a me

mb

er of

-38-

this company, and c ontracts each year with the company to supply a

given

quota o f

milk.

The agreement between the p roducers

and company

is made

annually.

_In addition to the quota, it covers the advance price for quota milk, methods of payment, and the duties of �he producers in supplying

milk.

A copy o f the

1955

agreement i s shm-m in Appendix

2C.

The producer ' s assoc iation partially governs the gallonage of the

contract

and

therefo

re

the proportion o f farm output supplied as tovm milk. 'T.'he policy o f the as sociation i s to

ensure

fulfillment of its ovm quota vli th the New Zealand Milk Board and to secure the best price possibl e for

all

the producer

1 s

milk.

To insure tnat quota contracts are ne t, the as :;ociation ( a )

enforces

penal tie s on produce rs v;ho fall belovr their alloted quote. at

the

rate of

three pence per gallon

for each gallon short supplied up to

and including

twenty p er-cent of the quota

gallonage

and four pence per gallon for every gal lon short supplied if over tv.renty per-cent of the

gallonage

quo ta; ( b ) sets the produc er s quotas for

the

follov.ling year on the basis o f the

averaf!e

o f the lov.Tes t winter months production, ( c ) pays pract

i

call

y

full

town

milk

prices for surplus milk produced in the four winter months ;

an

d

(d)

at the present time, does not reduce the quota of those producers

which drop below their alloted quota in late summer, but produce a surplus above quota in the winter months . These points together with the seasonal

price differential provide the

incentive to

producers to maintain their

'I

quotas . Even with the incentive _{production, Table IV illustrates} that the

milk produced

iri the Manawatu Produc er ' s Ass�iation is really seasonal in distribution. The table shows that the three highest production

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