Muestra

A lawyer shall not:

(a) seek to influence a judge, juror, prospective juror or other official by means prohibited by law;

(b) communicate ex parte with such a person during the proceeding unless authorized to do so by law or court order;

(c) communicate with a juror or prospective juror after discharge of the jury if:

(1) the communication is prohibited by law or court order;

(2) the juror has made known to the lawyer a desire not to communicate; or

(3) the communication involves misrepresentation, coercion, duress or harassment; or (d) engage in conduct intended to disrupt a tribunal.

Comment

[1] Many forms of improper influence upon a tribunal are proscribed by criminal law.

Others are specified in the ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct, with which an advocate should be familiar. A lawyer is required to avoid contributing to a violation of such provisions.

[2] During a proceeding a lawyer may not communicate ex parte with persons serving in an official capacity in the proceeding, such as judges, masters or jurors, unless authorized to do so by law or court order.

[3] A lawyer may on occasion want to communicate with a juror or prospective juror after the jury has been discharged. The lawyer may do so unless the communication is prohibited by law or a court order but must respect the desire of the juror not to talk with the lawyer. The lawyer may not engage in improper conduct during the communication.

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[5] The duty to refrain from disruptive conduct applies to any proceeding of a tribunal, including a deposition. See Rule 1.0(m).

(http://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rule s_of_professional_conduct/rule_3_5_impartiality_decorum_of_the_tribunal.html, accessed 7/1/2014).

In terms of the responsibilities of and restrictions on the conduct of paralegals as it relates to friending a judge, we can review the NAIA Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility:

A paralegal must adhere strictly to the accepted standards of legal ethics and to the general principles of proper conduct. The performance of the duties of the paralegal shall be governed by specific canons as defined herein so that justice will be served and goals of the profession attained.

Canon 3.

A paralegal must not: (a) engage in, encourage, or contribute to any act which could constitute the unauthorized practice of law; and (b) establish attorney-client relationships, set fees, give legal opinions or advice or represent a client before a court or agency unless so authorized by that court or agency; and (c) engage in conduct or take any action which would assist or involve the attorney in a violation of professional ethics or give the appearance of professional impropriety. (NAIA Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility, http://www.nala.org/code.aspx, accessed 7/2/14)

It is also helpful to review recent articles and ethics opinions that address issues related to social media from the perspective of the state where the lawyer practices. For example, a good overview on the ethics of social media use was provided by the Indiana State Bar Association’s Legal Ethics Committee. (Legal ethics involved in online social media and networking: An

Criminal Resource Center, http://www.sado.org/articles/Article/100, accessed 7/2/14). Another issue may be whether there is a difference between various social media vendors. For example, the premise of LinkedIn and its overall content is intended for professional purposes while Facebook and other sites may tend to contain more personal information and perhaps less formality about the kinds of information that are shared and caution in making connections.

The American Bar Association recently issued Formal Opinion 462 related to a judge’s use of social media. (ABA Formal Opinion 462, Judge’s Use of Electronic Social Networking Media, Feb. 21, 2013,

http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/formal_

opinion_462.authcheckdam.pdf, accessed 7/1/14). After a thorough examination of the issue, the Opinion clarified that, “although judges may utilize electronic social networking sites, they must comply with the relevant provisions of the Code of Judicial Conduct and avoid conduct that would undermine their independence, integrity, impartiality and/or create any appearance of impropriety. In particular, it cautioned the extent of their participation. Depending on their interaction with other contacts in the legal profession who have pending or impending matters before the court, they might be compelled to disclose such relationships.” (E-Discovery Resource Database, http://ediscoveryresourcedatabase.com/2013/02/21/aba-formal-opinion-462-judges-use-of-electronic-social-networking-media/, accessed 7/1/14). The Opinion discusses several factors for judges to consider when using social media, including publicly endorsing or opposing

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Journal, Feb. 26, 2013,

http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/should_judges_disclose_facebook_friends_context_is_s ignificant_aba_ethics_o/, accessed 7/1/14). Judges should also consider whether to disclose their social media relationships with lawyers or parties in pending matters, although the informal nature of these connections may not rise to the level that a personal, face-to-face relationship would. (Id.) In addition to these concerns, “[j]udges should also be aware that their comments, images and profile information may be transmitted without their knowledge to others. If the material proves embarrassing, it has the potential to undermine public confidence in the judiciary and to compromise the independence of the judge, the opinion says.” (Id.)

According to Lewis, “[t]he states that have considered whether judges can use social networking sites generally have concluded that they may do so. They diverge, however, when considering whether judges must recuse themselves if they have friended a lawyer who appears before them.” (Lewis, S.C. When judges “friend” lawyers: must recusal necessarily follow?

Rivkin Radler, June 18, 2013, http://www.rivkinradler.com/publications.cfm?id=1184, accessed 7/1/14). She discusses the variety of opinions issued in Florida, Kentucky, Ohio, Maryland, California and New York. Florida is an interesting situation, since the Florida Supreme Court is

appear before them. According to the appeals court, the ethics opinion recognized that friending could undermine confidence in a judge’s neutrality.” (Weiss, D.C. Should a judge recuse due to Facebook friendship with prosecutor? Florida Supremes asked to decide. ABA Journal, Jan. 17, 2013,

http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/should_a_judge_recuse_due_to_facebook_friendship_w ith_prosecutor_florida_su/, accessed 7/1/14, see Pierre Domville v. State of Florida, No. 4D12-556, (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. Sept. 5, 2012).

Two of my favorite authors are Sharon Nelson and John Simek, who have been on the cutting edge of security, digital forensics, electronic discovery and legal technology for many years through their company, Sensei Enterprises. (Sensei Enterprises, Inc.,

http://www.senseient.com/, accessed 7/2/14). I use their materials extensively in several of the courses I teach at the School of Informatics and Computing (Indiana University). One

suggestion is that all paralegals and lawyers register for their free article distribution service.

Nelson and Simek recently provided an article about the risks to judges when they participate in social media, noting that as of a 2012 report from the Conference of Court Public Information Officers, “46.1 percent of judges use social media, with 86.3 percent of that number using Facebook and 20.6 percent using LinkedIn.” (Nelson, S.D. and Simek, J.W. The perils of social media for judges. Res Gestae, March 2014, pp. 26-28). Obviously, judges are not going to cease using social media just because it may be risky; however, they and the lawyers, paralegals and

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potential jurors. Indiana Lawyer, May 7-20, 2014, p. 7; See ABA Formal Opinion 466, Lawyer Reviewing Jurors’ Internet Presence, April 24, 2014,

http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/formal_

opinion_466_final_04_23_14.authcheckdam.pdf, accessed 7/2/14)

B. Can/Should You Use Group Coupon or Daily Deal Marketing?

A newly published Formal Opinion from the American Bar Association provides guidance on whether attorneys are allowed to use these kinds of marketing approaches. (ABA Formal Opinion 465, Lawyers’ Use of Deal-of-the-Day Marketing Programs, Oct. 21, 2013, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/formal_

opinion_465.authcheckdam.pdf, accessed 7/1/14). As stated in the Conclusion, “[t]he committee believes that coupon deals can be structured to comply with the Model Rules. The committee has identified numerous difficult issues associated with prepaid deals, especially how to properly manage payment of advance legal fees, and is less certain that prepaid deals can be structured to comply with all ethical and professional obligations under the Model Rules.” (Id.) Several other ethical issues are identified in the Formal Opinion, including “the need to make sure the

marketing statements are accurate. The scope of services offered must be clearly defined and the

overcome those obstacles.” (Gershman, J. Lawyers and Groupon deals may be a difficult mix.

The Wall Street Journal Law Blog, Oct. 21, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2013/10/21/lawyers-and-groupon-deals-may-be-a-difficult-mix/, accessed 7/1/14). Commentary indicates that some people are concerned that the opinion has resulted in more ambiguity about what is permissible rather than clear guidance that helps attorneys comply with the ethical rules as well as the differences between coupon deals and prepaid deals. (Lawyers on Groupon: The ABA adds to the confusion. The Cyber Advocate, Oct. 25, 2013,

http://www.thecyberadvocate.com/2013/10/25/lawyers-on-groupon/, accessed 7/1/14).

On the other hand, a New York Ethics Opinion allows lawyers to offer Groupon deals, with some cautions. (Ethics Opinion 897, New York State Bar Association, 12/31/11,

http://lawyersusaonline.com/wp-files/pdfs-3/opinion-no-897.pdf, accessed 7/1/14). Among the specific issues covered in the opinion are whether the money retained by the website is an improper payment for a referral, whether this constitutes an excessive fee, compliance with rules regulating advertising and premature and improper formation of a lawyer-client relationship.

(Id.) According to the opinion,

A lawyer may properly market legal services on a 'deal of the day' or 'group coupon' website, provided that the advertisement is not false, deceptive or misleading, and that the advertisement clearly discloses that a lawyer-client relationship will not be created until after the lawyer has checked for conflicts and determined whether the lawyer is

competent to perform a service appropriate to the client. If the offered service cannot be performed due to conflicts or competence reasons, the lawyer must give the coupon buyer a full refund. The website advertisement must comply with all of the rules governing

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coupons. As stated in South Carolina Ethics Advisory Opinion 11-05, “[t]he use of daily deal websites to sell vouchers to be redeemed for discounted legal services does not violate the Rule 5.4(a) prohibition on sharing of legal fees, but the attorney is cautioned that the use of such websites must be in compliance with Rules 7.1 and 7.2 and could lead to violations of several other rules if logistical issues are not appropriately addressed.” (Harris, M.D. Coupons for lawyers: three ethics opinions approve daily deal advertising for lawyers. Litigation News, 37(2), pp. 1-3, Winter 2012). In terms of North Carolina’s stance on this issue and others as compared with the ABA’s Model Rules,

ABA Model Rule Update NC Ethics Opinion Rule 1.6 – Attorneys must protect

confidential information from unauthorized 3rd party access; must make “reasonable efforts” to keep confidential information secure

RPC 215 (1995) – protecting confidential information in wireless transmissions2008 FEO 5 –

regarding web-based management of client information

Rule 1.18 – Attorney-client

relationship likely established where person submits representation-related information in response to specific attorney inquiry or where no disclaimer providedAttorney-client relationship likely not established where submission is response to general attorney advertisement or attorney only provides legal info of

2000 FEO 3 – regarding whether attorney posting responses to questions on permanent internet bulletin board establishes attorney-client relationship2011 FEO 8 – regarding “live chat” services on attorney website

regarding external non-legal assistance to use of 3rd party companies for document

management, cloud storage, and other software that has access to client information. Extent of duty is situational and fact specific

a lawyer’s duties when outsourcing any work, to lawyers and non-lawyers alike 2011 FEO 6 – addresses lawyer’s duties when contracting with Software-as-Service companies for retention and management of client information Rule 7.2 – Lawyers may pay 3rd

party customer-generation

companies, but ads created by 3rd parties subject to same rules as attorney advertising alone

2011 FEO 10 – Essentially the same rule, but specifically addressing an attorney’s ability to advertise in group coupon (aka Groupon)-like services (it is permitted, provided the ads, and the payment therefore, comply with rules regarding attorney advertisement and payments to non-lawyers) Rule 7.3 – Addressing improper

attorney solicitation, specifically that use of advertising systems that automatically generate an ad based on particular search terms (read:

user inputs) is NOT improper solicitation, absent other factors

2010 FEO 14 – Essentially the same rule, but establishes that the specific search terms the ad relies on must comply with ethical duty not to mislead

(The example is an attorney ad that uses a competing attorney’s name as a trigger to bring up the ad – such conduct is deemed misleading)

(Chart from ABA’s ethical use of technology update. The Cyber Advocate, Jul. 29, 2013, http://www.thecyberadvocate.com/2013/07/29/abas-ethical-use-of-technology-update/, accessed 7/1/14).

Here is an example of an offer for legal services provided through Groupon:

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