Mutaciones en el gen de la trombopoyetina

The next movement after WAD is GAD (Gender and Development) and this movement saw its dawn in the 1980s (Rathgeber 1990:493). It has its theoretical roots within social feminism and attempts to fill in the gaps left by the Modernization Theorists by connecting gender relations with the relations of production (Rathgeber 1990; Moser 1993). Based on the understanding of gender as the socially constructed nature of femininity and masculinity, as well as the understanding of gender relations60 _{as being socially constructed through regimes of gender relations} between men and women, this movement looked at the shaping of such power relations (Momsen 2004:13).

The GAD approach was a result of social feminists who advocated that discourses should take cognizance of all of the aspects that make up the lives of women (Rathgeber 1990; Weedon 1987). This approach sees women as part of social organization and proposes that the focus on women in isolation ignores the problem of patriarchy and the privileging of men within society (Moser 1993:3). Such an approach is helpful to this study in that it opens up avenues to interrogate the socially constructed nature of gender; the specific assignments of roles and responsibilities, as well as the expectations laid upon both men and women (Rathgeber 1990:494).

It focuses on the fit between family, household or the domestic life and the organization of both political and economic spheres. For example from a gender perspective, the structure of the working day in the sphere of production is only intelligible if the existence of the domestic sphere is taken as a given (Young 1997: 52).

The focus on the use of ‘gender’ in the place of ‘women’ was concerned with the way in which the problems associated with women were perceived in light of their sex, referring to their biological difference from men, rather thanfocusing on their gender, which refers to the social relations between women and men, especially the way men were privileged within society (Moser 1993:3). In placing emphasis on gender

60 _{Kate Young asserts that sociologists refer to this as ascribed relations, referring to relations a} person is involved in based on their position within a network of kinship or family (these could be relations by birth and through marriage); many are also attained through involvement in the economy, society of the political life of a person (Young 1997: 51).

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relations, development interventions opened up the possibility of engagement with both men and women in order to ‘help’ women in the process of development (Moser 1993:3). The movement also moves from a top-down approach, which sees women as passive recipients of development aid to an understanding of women as empowered social agents of change (Moser 1993; Razavi & Miller 1995;; Haddad 2005).

The GAD approach is ‘holistic’ in its approach and sees gender relations as embedded within complex61 _{environments encompassing socio-economic and} political structures. A GAD perspective does not only lead to the design of interventions and affirmative action strategies to ensure that women are better integrated into ongoing developments efforts, but also inevitably leads to a fundamental re-examination of social structures and ultimately, to the loss of power of entrenched elites, which will effect some women as well as men (Rathgeber 1990, Moser 1993). Such a perspective also requires a certain degree of commitment to structural change and shifting of power (Rathgeber 1990:495). This assertion, however, does not assume that women have perfect knowledge or full comprehension of their social situation, neither does it propagate that men are aware of the social privilege that they have (Young 1997:52).

Additionally, the primary relations within which development discourse functions, is within the nuclear family, which also functions as a socio-economic unit that clearly defines the division of labour, based on gender (Young 1997:15). With this stereotypical western model of planning of the household structure, the gender division of labour reflects the ‘natural order’ (Young 1997:16). This heterogeneous model usually leaves out family formations that do not resemble the nuclear family. While WID emphasised the lives of women being improved through financial gain (Young 1997:53; Razavi & Mills 1995, Tali 2005), GAD is not so positive about such an approach, where the market is considered to be the distributor of benefits to women (Young 1997:53). The state becomes a viable option in the promotion of women’s emancipation; in one instance as an employer of labour, and in the other, as a source for the allocation of social capital and allocation of resources to address

61 _{Development from a GAD perspective is a complex process that seeks to incorporate the social,} economic, political and bettering of people within society. Young views betterment as the ability of society and its member to meet the emotional, physical and creative needs of the populations at a historically appropriate level (1997:520).

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social needs (Young 1997:53). One of GADs important instruments is the so-called ‘gender mainstreaming’,62 _{which aims at promoting gender awareness within society} and the broader public sphere (Tasli 2005:25).

Given that GAD is in favour of the collaboration of men and women within development, it concerns itself with the need for political self-reliance and considers local communities as playing a crucial role in providing support for women (Young 1997:53). It also sees organizing women at this level as a good start for organizing them at higher levels of society (Young 1997:53). This approach, however, does not take into consideration the roles that many women still play in the household. GAD is also commonly accused of a simplified worldview which essentialises images of “women-as-victims” and “men-as-problem” or just ignoring men entirely (Cornwall 2003:1325). These essentialised conceptions emanate from an understanding of subjectivity that sees females as the weak sex, who is subject to male domination, and males are the ‘bad sex’, who dominate over women.