nadar solo o tirarse al río

1 01

1 .

The analysis cf vc:; g t; to t ion <md s oils t o show th t- d i s t rlbuti on

·3 nd a c cumul n t i un of l utd e s a rE:sult of p s t r cl c omb us t i on c:md

di s c ha Pge from m o tor vehicle e xhau s t enli s s i on s Dl ong mD j or hig h­ WRJS hEI S be en i nv c P t i c :c t c:; · :: t:; xte; nsi vE; l y i n rt: c e n t 'fC!1rs. �ct rl y

ob s e rv �-:t t i on e b y . n rr

..

, n &

D

elevault

( 1 960 ) �

C .s n n on & B owl e s

( 1 9�2 ) ,

r-m d

Ruhl ing

& Tyl c r

(

1 9 68 ) showe <J ti1n t

l .;; �1c

l � vc;l s i n vegetation

aocJ svils n c..a r mn j or hi g h��ays Wd'C: i n o rd i n<-� t ;:; l y high d e pe nd ing up on

the Ji st ance f r om t l1 t' h i ghv · �1 Y 9 t r< 1 ffi c volume n n d d i re c ti on of

t he; p reva i l i ng •.·Jind.

J1 p p ro xi m� J t t:;l y

75r;�

of tht:: m e t o ll i c l t.. a d in gasol ine comb u s ted

by a m ot o r vc-hi c l c i s e xhaus ted in t he f o rm of 1 c.; ad p a rti cul a t e s

in to t ht.: s tmos phere

(U.8.D.H.r,. '·;�0 9 1

970)

.

Eighty-f i ve �b of t h e u i rb o rn e p::rticlt: S n r e l e s s t ho n

4p

i n d i a.rn�:: t e r

(

D?l ine s et.

19 70)

.

hl of� t of thr_se; A rt: re m oved f rom t h e n tm o s pht:: P e w i t h i n

a pp r oxim�-1 t e ly

3 5

ine t c r s

of

tht h i g hw:.i y r2 ue t o gr< : Vi t :">. t i onal

s e t tl i n g oncJ iLipnct ion t:m vc:1 ri ou s obstscl l: s. ' :n rd et. nl.

( 1 9 74b )

ind i c ,1 t�_;j th: ; t t h e mngni tul; e ::md di stribu ti on of l e o d i n t r.::: e s s i tu <:-t t t: d 'Vi 'thi n

5

m e t e rs of t h e;

sL·)e

of ::: b usy Po

l

merston F ort h

t hor oughfa re vlf-I S a functi en of the sL:lu c f t he. t re t: fa c i ng the highwfly9 t h e: he i g ht o b ove:; �::, round l �_; vt: l R i1r1 tr1t: b a rk l ayer sample d.

The distribution of l t: a d i n t h e t rL e ring-core s ind i cated the

rel e a sed ccntributiun of l E: c1 d fron m o t or ve hi cl e E.xhau s t s. I t

wa s R l so obse rvt d t ha t signifi cant e l �vn t t d le a d l e v el s � o n ot

oc cu

r

_{b e}lov,; a d t, p t :� of

S ew

i n th8

soil

c; t d i s trm cc; s of

7-3 0

r.wters from the highvmy.

1Vork on l cEl d

l e vel s

in ve g e t a ti on grov;i ng , ,.i t h i n

1 00

me te r s of a Nevv Zea l c.m d 8 t f1 te Righvvay 'di t h a r•e l s t i v e l y l ow t ra ffi c

volume sh owNJ thct El c cwnul G t i on g D ve a cl ose f i t

t o

curve s showing

a n exponential de cay wi t h d i s t Anc e , f or nb out

50

m e t e rs

on eithe r si de of the h i ghwn y

(

Wa rd et.

!il·

,

1975a)

.

Simil a r pEl t t e rn s of l ea d c1i stribution in the swe e t - c orn plcm t VJtH'e a l s o me a sure d ,

(

'.Ya rd et. 1975b

)

.

The results of Se c t ion

IV

ind j cB t e d tho t t he su rfa ce - s oil l c;a d c on t ent i n the med i a n s t ri p of t he An� '�<lR nd Nlotorway9

1 02

re E< ch e d l ev t: l s a s hi t;h a s 3 000

flEIG ( dry

we ig h t

bas i s).

I. s s oc i a t ed pa s t ur·0 spt.! c i e s <1 t the s £; ll!c s i t( c on t <: n n e d

480

EJ nd 345

pg/e:, (

d ry vv e i c,ht

b a s i s )

in Ln.: r o o t s t; n�� l e A v�; s re: s_p�:;; c t ive ly of ryc: g rP, s s

�.

)

.

Of' t iJ.c l t; o. f-le.:ndcconten t9 s o1nc.;

30�;; i s re rn ov c-. b l �:;; by ViDshin[,. T h i s f i'<-1 c t ion in a fi e l 6 situation c oul Cl b e wa s h e d o ff b y ra infnll. Ho•:lt.:Vt:r, �11 1 t he l 0u d 9 whe t h e r a s surfnce d e p o si t or b oun d t o t he l u A f 9 i s i n g v s t e CJ

b y

the

g ra z ing an im al.

The w ork r e p ortccJ in t h is sect

i

on vva s C 8 rrie d out t o

_de

t

_{c rm}

_{i ne} the d i s t ri b u t i on of l e FHJ 'Nithin l)t:H; tu rL s a d j n c e n t t o a re a s onabl y b usy New Z <J a la nd i3 to te H i g hwa y ( a ve r,1 g e cJ £d. l y trnffic d e n s i ty of 5 000 ve hi cl e s/t. ay) nnd t o ob c=:e rve any s e n son:-11 pa t t e rn s whi c h m8 y o c c u r i n t he d i f f e re n t posture 2. pe c i e s and s oil .

The _{s i t e s e l e c t ed}

_{wa s on}

_{:.::: t:·-�. t e l-H glw:1 J '1 9 b e t Jd m Bul l s and}

rr: a r t on i n t h e cc n t rol n: gi on uf the N o rt h lf;lc;nJ. I t of f e re d a

rt;;' a s ono b l y flr t contour VJi t h p<� s t u r tS on c: i t he r si :J e e;f _the high­

vvay ·wh i ch n t t hi s p o i n t run s m oPE) or le s s north/south9 a t right angl e s t u t he p rtoci om in£m t v.t i nd direction (\?c.,stt:.rly) . The re we re

n o

he d g e rovv s , t rc c: s o r o t hl: r

o

br.>tructions t o n i r m ovemen t.

Be t \v e e n the e d g e of t he c n rri R ge wny n n d t ne 1'e n c 0 on ei t h c r si d e

wa s a 6 I!16 te rs st ri_p o f crushed s t on e c::n c1 r oug[I

grass.

Thi s a re a

wa s i g n o r t- d i n tni s s t uCy

a s

{he. p ri m e ob j c c t i v c w c-. s t o study the p a s tu re s g ra z ed b y st 0ck.

T o

th e e a s t of t h e highr:ay, t he pc1 s t ure di s �m ol d - e s tab l i s he d b rown t o p

te nui s )

-

d om inFmt o hc cp 1ws t ure \�hi c h

h<" • S

b e en

sub j ec t e c1 t o 8 s e t s t o c ke d reg i me "vi t h l i t tl e or

n u

f e rt il i se r

appl i e d for many ye ars. T o t ho we s t 9 wa s a m ore re c e nt p e re nni a l

rye g ra s s pe renn e

L ) ,

wh_{ite cl ovur} ( L .

)

pa s t ure wh i eh ha s b e en regul a rly t opd r e s se: d and ':•' a s rota ti on all y

g ra z ed duri ng t he c ou rR e of the se obs ervati ons.

The s oil typu of t h e a re a i s a n Ohn kt:: El si l t l oam 9 awe a kl y

1 03

3 . M e t h oJ s •

p c. rmo n en t t ret n cc c t w-1 s c:; s t :·l o l i s ht; d p e r•_p e nd i cul& r t o t ht.; hi ghw::� y and e :Jo.. t e nd i ng 50 m c t L r s in to t h_..:.; p a s t u rE! on e: i th c: r siJe. 1'i. t i n t <:; rva l s nl ong t hi s , SRJ;!pl t:: s '.V.-jre coll c c t l.." d (Ju r i n g t he f ou r

seasvn s. T h e yo s tu re · ..

-;as

g ra z ed f ur onl y 2 n1 on t 1 s d ur i n g the sU!7l.JiJ(.:: r on tht� cn s t-.:: rn si Jt;.

S oi l sa;apl c; s i'Pl·,m t h e t op t\ i G c t:; n t i iD l: t <J r � \/8 1"' ·- tn kcn un al l o c c a s ion G 9 wh il e 3 u i l c ui"'c;; S · · e rt.:: c.: .zt r<:1 c t e c u &i ng a

2. 5 cJ!l

s t a i nl e s s s t e el c or e r durin

g

t he a u t uran B nd r-.;in t c r Sh!!ipl ing _p c ri oc! s f' or

profile d i st ri b u t i on s t udies. 7r

o

files � e re t B ken t o a d ep t h of 4cm El t d i s t a n c e s of 1 , 3 ,

5 ,

2 5 a nd

48

mc.: te rs from the.:; r oad s i de f en c e during t he a u t umn sampl i n g a nd t o n d e p t h of 1 O c m n t

d i s tn n ce s o f

0 ,

5 , 1 5 , and 3 5

m d t 6 r n on e i t h� r si de of t he h i gh­

W3Y d uring th e � i nt � r p eriod.

'Pn s t m:·e snm ,�l e s c ol l e c t e <.'l �uring t h w i n i t i n.l sompl i n g

(

o u t umn

)

c om p ri sed l e 'l f m•· t c ri D l onl y , -,v h i c h w;·: s s e [)n r�, t e d i nto vvo. sh ed o n t:� um•fn s h ed su b s :' rnpl e s p r1 or t o nnr.,l y s ic. 'I' h e reDf ter,

c ornpl c;; t e pL-: nt c; n mpl c_: s ··� e r• t. c ol l e c t e d n n d t he s �J Vile re s p e n ro t e d i n t o r oot s 'HlCJ l�:..nves. Lc: n f' pn r t s w c:; rc.: n o t \VO s he l'i b ut I'OOt s v;e pe wa s he d t o r�m ovc n d h er i n g s o i l p3I' ti clLs.

Sampl e _prep� I'<'lt ion nnd :J nnl ys is \'i:I S ca rri e cl ou t

o s

d t; S C I'i b e d

i n f;ection

I .��.

Emd Pe sul ts 8 rc: e x pre s se d n. s t he rn e Em of

5

d e t e i'­

mi net i ons.

( 4 )

Re su l t s �md '--:isc us sion.

( a )

l e 8 d l e v ..:;l s

The lll t; n n le n d c on t en t of surfe1 c e S lJil

(

0 - 2 cm

)

1' ur t ho f ou r

s e a son s i s s h own i n Fi gure V . 1 .

Th(;! d R t o s h cw a d e cl i ne i n l t; 8 d c on t e n t 'Hi th d i s t a n c e fpom

the fe n ce , A nd se G s on a l d i f f b i'en c e s a re a p p a re n t n(; o r t he f e n ce , i n_pa rt i cul A r , the h i gh f1 u t umn vnlue s.

S oi l p r of il e a n -'=t l ys i s f o r t he nu twnn s ompl e i s s h own i n

Fi g u re V . 2 . The mos t n o t i ceab l e f e a tupe of t h e s e d a ta i s t he

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