Niveles de reflexión en la gestión de la práctica reflexiva

The SHEL model was developed by Edward and modified by Hawkins (1987). It consists of four components: Software, Hardware, Environment and Live-ware. Furthermore, each two of these four components forms four interfaces between them:

Underlying factors Direct causes Subsequent causes Human & organizational errors Ship proceeds at high speed

collision Loss of ship and cargo

live-ware/live-ware, live-ware/hardware, live-ware/software and live- ware/environment as shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 SHEL Model Source: Hawkins, 1987

The most valuable and flexible component placed at the centre of the SHEL model is the live-ware, the human element (Schroeder, 2001). This component includes factors relating to the individuals under consideration: physical, physiological, psychological and psychosocial. Physical factors are those that limit the capacity of the individual to fulfil the designated tasks. Apart from the physical characteristics such as height, age, sex and strength of a person, sensory limitations such as needs for glasses or hearing aids are also included in this category. Physiological factors refer to the factors that could affect the individual’s physiological abilities. Health, lifestyle, fatigue, duty, consumption of alcohol/drug and incapacitation are listed in this column. Psychological factors are those factors concerned with the individual’s Mind and thoughts. They include perceptions, attention information processing capacity and attitude towards specific tasks. Other aspects affecting the psyche of a

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person such as personality, knowledge, training, planning of operation, confidence, and emotional status are also included in this category. Psychosocial factors result from the individual’s social situation. Personal problems such as mental pressure, interpersonal conflict, personal loss, financial problems, significant lifestyle changes, cultural differences and family pressure are usually taken as psychosocial factors; they may restrict capacities of a person in a crisis situation. (Schroeder, 2001).

Around the central live-ware, there are hardware, software, and environment. Hardware refers to the equipment part used in a transportation system. It includes displays, controls, and ergonomic aspects of workstations. Software is the non- physical part of the system including organizational policies, procedures manuals, checklist layout, charts, and advisories and computers programs. Environment includes the internal and external climate, temperature, visibility, vibration, noise and other similar factors, which constitute the conditions within which people are working. Sometimes the broad political and economic constraints under which the particular ship operates are included in this element. The regulatory climate is a part of the environment in as much as its climate affects communications, decision- making, control and coordination. The persons around the individual under consideration are dealt with as peripheral live-ware. It talks about human-human interactions. This may include factors such as management, supervision, crew interaction and communication, and labour relations (Schroeder, 2001).

Indeed, four interfaces mainly deal with the external and internal influences including ship, workplace, technology, human beings, weather, and fairway on the individual under consideration. Live-ware/live-ware or person-person refers to human interactions and communication covering the following aspects: oral communication (for instance, noise interference, misinterpretation, rate of speech, language barrier, and read back and hear back); visual signal (for example: hand signal, body language); crew interactions (for instance: supervisor, briefings, coordination, compatibility/team, resource management, task management, personality, and experience), controllers (for instance: supervision, briefings, and

coordination), passengers(for example: behaviour, briefing, knowledge of ships, and procedure), labour relation (for example: employee/employer management, and industrial action), worker-management relations (for example: hierarchy, and Bridge Team Management), pressures (for instance: mental pressure, morale, and peer pressure), and regulatory agency ( for instance: regulation, standard, implementation, inspection, monitoring, audit, and support ).

Live-ware/hardware refers to human-machine interaction. Design limitation in workstation configuration, instrument and workspace can affect the performance of the system and the individual; factors relating to the person to machine interface are included in this category.

Live-ware/software refers to the factors relating to the person to system interface. It mainly focuses on the information transfer between the human and supporting systems. These factors usually include written information (for instance: manuals, checklist, publication, regulations, charts and publications, instruction, and standards), computers software and automation extent of the system. Regulatory requirements such as qualification, certification, medical certificate, license are also belong to this column.

Live-ware/environment means the factors relating to the person to environment interface. It is usually divided into three parts: internal, external and infrastructure or supporting services. Internal part includes hear, cold, humidity, ambient pressure, illumination, glare, motion of vessel, noise interference, vibrations, air quality, pollution etc. External part refers to weather. Wind, fog, sea state, temperature, visibility and so on are belongs to this category. Infrastructure refers to port facilities, support equipment, company facilities and equipment and so on. Some other factors such as time of day, other traffic, and lighting glare are also classified into this category.

The first focus of the SHEL model is on the individual and his abilities and condition. His interactions other than at work are also here. The second focus is on the different interfaces that can have an effect on overall performance of the individual.