NOMBRAMIENTO DE GERENTE Y SUBGERENTE

The proposed LIDAR filtering methods can be improved in the following directions to make them more generalized for practical use.

More generalized adaptive filtering methods can be studied in the following issues:

1. Optimization of trend line analysis

The trend line analysis method can be studied and tested on more data sets to optimize the threshold estimation. The trend estimation method can be studied on more sophisticated geometry analysis to improve the estimation algorithm.

2. Three-Dimensional trend surface analysis

The trend line analysis method proposed in this dissertation is based on two- dimensional data (x or y coordinates with an elevation dimension). It can be extended to

175

three dimensions, so that the trend surface can be analyzed for threshold estimation. It would be more sufficient for the analysis of terrain or objects’ spatial shapes.

3. Adaptive selection of filtering methods

Since different filtering methods have their own advantages on varied terrain types, it would be very helpful to use each method’s advantages to filter each part of a large data set with different terrain types. Thus, an adaptive filter selection mechanism would improve the filtering results on a data set which contains complex terrains. This method relies on the terrain type analysis and partition. First, the data set has to be analyzed to find varied terrain types. Then, the data set needs to be partitioned according to the terrain types. Thus, how to partition the data set according to the terrain types would be the critical part of this study. After the data set is successfully partitioned according to the terrain types, the appropriate filtering method can be automatically selected.

176 REFERENCES

[1] Arefi, H.; and Hahn, M. (September 2005). A morphological reconstruction algorithm for separating off-terrain points from terrain points in laser scanning data. Proceedings of the ISPRS Workshop Laser Scanning, Enschede, The Netherlands.

[2] Axelsson, P., (2000). DEM Generation from Laser Scanner Data Using Adaptive TIN Models. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., vol. 33, pp. 110-117.

[3] Axelsson, P., (1999). Processing of laser scanner data-algorithms and applications. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 54, pp. 138-147.

[4] Bourke, P., (1989). Efficient triangulation algorithm suitable for terrain modeling. Pan Pacific Computer Conference, Beijing, China.

[5] Brovelli, M. A., and Cannata, M. (2004). Digital terrain model reconstruction in urban areas from airborne laser scanning data: The method and the example of the town of Pavia (Northern Italy). Computers & Geosciences, vol. 30.4, pp. 325-331. [6] Brovelli, M. A., Cannata, M., and Longoni, U.M. (2004). LIDAR data filtering

and DTM interpolation within GRASS. Trans. GIS, 8, 155-174.

[7] Brugelmann, R., (2000). Automatic breakline detection from airborne laser range data. in Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., Amsterdam, Netherlands, vol. 33, B3, pp. 109–115.

[8] Crosilla, F., Visintini, D., and Prearo, G. (2004). A robust method for filtering non-ground measurements from airborne LIDAR data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 35, pp. 196-201.

[9] Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., Yan, J., and Chen, S.-C. (November 5-8, 2013). A GUI Based LIDAR Data Processing System for Model Generation and Mapping. Accepted for publication, 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Interacting with Maps (MapInteract) 2013, in conjunction with ACM SIGSPATIAL 2013, Orlando, Florida, USA. (Demo Paper)

[10] Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., and Chen, S.-C. (November 5-8, 2013). A Cluster- based Morphological Filter for Geospatial Data Analysis. Accepted for publication, 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Analytics for Big Geospatial Data, in conjunction with 21st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM SIGSPATIAL GIS 2013), Orlando, Florida, USA.

177

[11] Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., and Chen, S.-C. (December 16-19, 2013). A Multi- Pass Morphological Filter for Geospatial Data Analysis. Accepted for publication, 2013 IEEE International Workshop on Big Data Analytics in Mobile Social Networks (BigMSN), in conjunction with CloudCom-Asia 2013, Fuzhou, China. [12] Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., Yan, J., and Chen, S.-C. A Generalized Adaptive

Mathematical Morphological Filter for LIDAR Data. will be submitted to IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[13] Douglas, D. H., and Peucker, T. K. (1973). Algorithms for the reduction of the number of points required to represent a digitized line or its caricature. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 10.2: pp. 112-122.

[14] Filin, S. (2002). Surface clustering from airborne laser scanning data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 34, pp. 119-124.

[15] Ghosh, S. and Lohani, B. (2007). Near-realistic and 3D visualization of LIDAR data. in Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 36.4/W45, Joint Workshop “Visualization and Exploration of Geospatial Data”.

[16] Haines, E. (1994). Point in polygon strategies. Graphics gems IV 994: 24-t6. [17] Jacobsen, K., and Lohmann, P. (2003). Segmented filtering of laser scanner

DSMs. in Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., vol. 34.3/W13.

[18] Kilian, J., Haala, N., and Englich, M. (1996). Capture and Evaluation of Airborne Laser Scanner Data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., Vienna, vol. 31, Part B3, pp. 383–388.

[19] Kraus, K., and Otepka, J. (2005). DTM modeling and visualization—the SCOP approach. Proceedings of Photogrammetric Week 05, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 241-252.

[20] Kraus, K., and Pfeifer, N. (2001). Advanced DTM generation from LIDAR data. Proceedings of the ISPRS Workshop on Land Surface Mapping and Characterization Using Laser Altimetry, Hofton, M.A., Ed., Annapolis, MD, USA. [21] Kraus, K. and Pfeifer, N. (1998). Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with aerial laser scanner data. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 53, pp. 193-203.

[22] Kraus, K., and Rieger, W. (1999). Processing of laser scanning data for wooded areas. Photogrammetric Week99, Fritsch, D., Spiller, R., Eds., Wichmann Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 221-231.

178

[23] Lee, H.S., and Younan, N.H. (2003). DTM extraction of LIDAR returns via adaptive processing. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 2063-2069.

[24] Liu, X. (February, 2008). Airborne LIDAR for DEM generation: some critical issues. Progress in Physical Geography, 32, 1, pp. 31-49.

[25] Lloyd, C.D., and Atkinson, P.M. (2006). Deriving ground surface digital elevation models from LIDAR data with geostatistics. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 20, pp. 535-563.

[26] Lohmann, P., Koch, A., and Schaeffer, M. (2000). Approaches to the filtering of laser scanner data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., vol. 33, pp. 540-547. [27] Masaharu, H., and Ohtsubo, K. (2002). A Filtering Method of Airborne Laser

Scanner Data for Complex Terrain. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 34.3/B, pp. 165–169.

[28] Meng, X., (2005). A slope- and elevation-based filter to remove non-ground measurements from airborne LIDAR data. Proceedings of ISPRS WG III/3, III/4, V/3 Workshop “Laser scanning 2005”, The Netherlands, September 2005, pp. 23. [29] Meng, X., Currit, N., and Zhao, K. (2010). Ground filtering algorithms for

airborne LIDAR data: a review of critical issues. Remote Sensing, vol. 2, pp. 833–860.

[30] Mongus, D., and Žalik, B. (2012). Parameter-free Ground Filtering of LIDAR Data for Automatic DTM Generation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 67, pp. 1–12.

[31] Morgan, M. and Tempfli, K. (2000). Automatic Building Extraction from Airborne Laser Scanning Data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., vol. 33.B3/2, pp. 616-623.

[32] Petzold, B., Reiss, P., and Stossel, W. (1999). Laser scanning - surveying and mapping agencies are using a new technique for the derivation of digital terrain models. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 54.2, pp. 95-104.

[33] Pfeifer, N., Gorte, B., and Elberink, S. O. (2004). Influences of vegetation on laser altimetry–analysis and correction approaches. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol 36, part 8.

[34] Pfeifer, N., Reiter, T., Briese, C., and Rieger, W. (1999). Interpolation of high quality ground models from laser scanner data in forested areas. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 32.3/W14, pp. 31-36.

179

[35] Pfeifer, N., Stadler, P., and Briese, C. (2001). Derivation of digital terrain models in the SCOP++ environment. Proceedings of OEEPE Workshop on Airborne Laser Scanning and Interferometric SAR for Digital Elevation Models, Stockholm, Sweden, vol. 3612.

[36] Rabbania, T., Heuvel, F. A. van den and Vosselmann, G. (2006). Segmentation of point clouds using smoothness constraint. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 36.5, pp. 248-253.

[37] Roggero, M., (2001). Airborne laser scanning: clustering in raw data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 34.3/W4, pp. 227-232.

[38] Schickler, W., and Thorpe, A. (April 2001). Surface estimation based on LIDAR. Proceedings of ASPRS Annual Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA.

[39] Shi, W.Z., and Tian, Y. (2006). A hybrid interpolation method for the refinement of a regular grid digital elevation model. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol. 20, pp. 53-67.

[40] Sithole, G., (2001). Filtering of laser altimetry data using a slope adaptive filter. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., vol. 34-3/W4, pp. 203-210.

[41] Sithole, G., and Vosselman, G. (2004). Experimental comparison of filter algorithms for bare earth extraction from airborne laser scanning point clouds. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 59.1, pp. 85-101.

[42] Sithole, G., and Vosselman, G. (2005). Filtering of airborne laser scanner data based on segmented point clouds. Proceedings of ISPRS Workshop Laser Scanning 2005, Enschede, the Netherlands, pp. 66-71.

[43] Smith, S.L. Holland, D.A. and Longley, P.A. (2005). Quantifying interpolation errors in urban airborne laser scanning models. Geographical Analysis, 37.2, pp. 200-224.

[44] Sohn, G., and Dowman, I. (2002). Terrain surface reconstruction by the use of tetrahedron model with the MDL Criterion. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 34.3/A, pp. 336–344.

[45] Tóvári, D., and Pfeifer, N. (2005). Segmentation based robust interpolation–a new approach to laser filtering. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 36.3/W19, pp. 79-84.

[46] Vosselman, G., (2000). Slope based filtering of Laser altimetry data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., vol. 33.B3/2, pp. 935-942.

180

[47] Wack, R., and Wimmer, A. (2002). Digital terrain models from airborne laserscanner data – A grid based approach. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. 34.3/B, pp. 293–296.

[48] Wang, C., Menenti, M., Stoll, M.P., Alessandra, F., Enrica, B., and Marco, M. (2009). Separation of Ground and Low Vegetation Signatures in LIDAR Measurements of Salt-Marsh Environments. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 47.7, pp. 2014-2023.

[49] Whitman, D., Zhang, K., Leatherman, S.P., and Robertson, W. (2003). Airborne laser topographic mapping: application to hurricane storm surge hazards. Earth Science in the Cities: A Reader, Heiken, G., Fakundiny, R., Sutter, J., Eds., American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC, USA, pp. 363-376.

[50] Yang, C.-S., Kao, S.-P., Lee, F.-B., and Hung, P.-S. (2004). Twelve different interpolation methods: A case study of Surfer 8.0. Proceedings of the XXth ISPRS Congress, 35.

[51] Zhang, K., Chen, S.-C., Whitman, D., Shyu, M.-L., Yan, J. and Zhang, C. (April, 2003). A progressive morphological filter for removing nonground measurements from airborne LIDAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41.4, pp. 872-882.

[52] Zhang, K., and Whitman, D. (2005). Comparison of three algorithms for filtering airborne LIDAR data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol. 71, pp. 313-324.

[53] Zhang, K., Yan, J., and Chen, S.-C. (2006). Automatic construction of building footprints from airborne LIDAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44. 9, pp. 2523-2533.

[54] Zhang, K., Cui, Z., and Houle, P. (2012). Airborne LIDAR Remote Sensing and Its Application. in Advances in Mapping from Remote Sensor Imagery Techniques and Applications, edited by Xiaojun Yang and Jonathan Li. CRC Press, in press.

[55] Zhang, K., and Cui, Z. (2007). Airborne LIDAR Data Processing and Analysis Tools ALDPAT 1.0. National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping, International Hurricane Research Center, Department of Environmental Studies, Florida International University, ALDPAT user manual 81 pages.

181 VITA ZHENG CUI

Born, Beijing, China EDUCATION

1992 - 1997 B.S. in Automation Department Tsinghua University,

Beijing, China

1999 - 2001 M.S. in Computer Science

School of Computing and Information Sciences Florida International University

Miami, Florida

2005 - Present Ph.D. candidate in Computer Science

School of Computing and Information Sciences Florida International University

Miami, Florida EMPLOYMENT

1997 - 1998 Software Engineer

Greatwall Computer Software Company Beijing, China

2001 - 2001 Software Engineer

Asoki Software Company Miami, Florida

2002 - Present Software Engineer, Research Associate, IT Administrator International Hurricane Research Center

Florida International University Miami, Florida

PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS

Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., Yan, J., and Chen, S.-C. A Generalized Adaptive Mathematical Morphological Filter for LIDAR Data. will be submitted to IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

182

Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., and Chen, S.-C. (December 16-19, 2013). A Multi-Pass Morphological Filter for Geospatial Data Analysis. Accepted for publication, 2013 IEEE International Workshop on Big Data Analytics in Mobile Social Networks (BigMSN), in conjunction with CloudCom-Asia 2013, Fuzhou, China.

Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., Yan, J., and Chen, S.-C. (November 5-8, 2013). A GUI Based LIDAR Data Processing System for Model Generation and Mapping. Accepted for publication, 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Interacting with Maps (MapInteract) 2013, in conjunction with ACM SIGSPATIAL 2013, Orlando, Florida, USA. (Demo Paper)

Cui, Z., Zhang, K., Zhang, C., and Chen, S.-C. (November 5-8, 2013). A Cluster-based Morphological Filter for Geospatial Data Analysis. Accepted for publication, 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Analytics for Big Geospatial Data, in conjunction with 21st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM SIGSPATIAL GIS 2013), Orlando, Florida, USA.

Zhang, K., Cui, Z., and Houle, P. (2012). Airborne LIDAR Remote Sensing and Its Application. in Advances in Mapping from Remote Sensor Imagery Techniques and Applications, edited by Xiaojun Yang and Jonathan Li. CRC Press, in press.

Zhang, K., and Cui, Z. (2007). Airborne LIDAR Data Processing and Analysis Tools ALDPAT 1.0. National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping, International Hurricane Research Center, Department of Environmental Studies, Florida International University, ALDPAT user manual 81 pages.