Normas específicas de la celebración del Sorteo

Intrinsic wrist pain, for example due to osteoarthritis, may be helped in many cases by needling the lower end of the radius periosteally at two or three sites.

Nausea and vomiting: PC6

The classic acupuncture point known as PC6 is found at the front of the wrist. This is an anti-nausea treatment site and is probably the best- researched classic acupuncture point in the body. A number of controlled trials have been carried out since the mid-1980s, almost all of which have confirmed the efficacy of this site for the control of nausea and vomiting due to drugs or anaesthetics; the present position has been well reviewed by C.M. McMillan (1998). I have not found it to be useful for vomiting associated with migraine but it was remarkably successful in a particularly severe case of vomiting from unknown cause.

PC6 is situated 2 cun above the distal skin crease at the wrist, between the tendons of flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus (this assumes that palmaris longus is present, which is not always the case). A cun may be taken to be the width of the thumb across the interphalangeal joint. It’s quite easy to hit the median nerve while needling this site unless the depth of penetration is closely controlled; it produces a sharp electric-shock sensation that radiates into the hand, but the effect is seldom long-lasting. As an alternative to needling, simple pressure may be used. ‘Sea Bands’ are available for purchase and are used for travel sickness, although the same effect may be achieved by fixing a bead in place with a piece of adhesive strapping.

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A woman suffered from amoebic dysentery while on holiday in India and began to vomit repeatedly. She was treated for the dysentery but the vomiting didn’t abate. She returned to Britain and was extensively investigated. A peptic ulcer was found and treated but the vomiting continued; by this time she was becom- ing seriously ill and had lost a lot of weight. A brain tumour was sought but not found. She then turned up at our outpatient department. I tried LR3, but 10 days later she was no better. I therefore admitted her to hospital; the anti-emetic effect of PC6 had recently been reported at this time, so we placed stud needles in this site bilaterally and gave her continuous electrical stimulation via a TENS machine. Over the next three or four days her vomiting cleared up and she was discharged. She returned with a relapse after a month; we repeated the treatment and she again responded, with no further recurrence.

A number of general practitioners currently use PC6 for treating nausea of pregnancy and report good results; it appears to be safe for this purpose. However, a recent randomized controlled trial found acupuncture to be equivalent to a sham procedure using a cocktail stick (Knight, 2001). The acupuncture in question was the traditional form, using pulse and tongue diagnosis. PC6 was needled, together with a number of other points chosen in accordance with the traditional theory. Sham treatment consisted in tapping a blunt cocktail stick over a bony prominence in the region of each acupuncture point. Both treatments gave good symptomatic relief and the researchers conclude that the effect was probably due to placebo response.

Pain in the hands, especially osteoarthritic hand pain

The interosseus muscles constitute a major ATA for the treatment of hand pain, especially that due to osteoarthritis of the type found in postmenopausal women and associated with the development of Heber- den’s nodes. This is probably one of the most effective acupuncture treatments. The muscles may be treated by directing the needle obliquely between the metacarpal bones in each interspace. Patients generally experience pain relief lasting 8–12 weeks after each treatment.

Travell and Simons, who describe a similar treatment consisting in the injection of local anaesthetic into these areas, claim that it may cause Heberden’s nodes to disappear (Travell & Simons, 1983). This seemed unlikely to me when I first read about it, but over the years I have had a number of patients report that their nodes have, in fact, become smaller.

The classic acupuncture site LI4

The space between the thumb and first finger is a special site, known in the classic system as LI4. It is supposed to be useful for sinusitis and also for dental pain. I have not generally found it to be useful for sinusitis and I have only very limited experience of using it for dental pain. I tend to regard it as a site of generalized stimulation, analogous to LR3, but probably less effective. Nowadays I use it infrequently, in spite of its prominence in the recipes of traditional acupuncture. In part this is because I think it is more likely to cause adverse effects than some other sites (see Chapter 4).

Pain in interphalangeal joints

Pain in individual fingers may be treated in the usual way, by periosteal needling. The shafts of the phalanges should be needled above and below the affected joints; this is done obliquely, so as to avoid penetrating the extensor tendons.

A man suffering from Reiter’s syndrome had swelling and pain of his right middle first metacarpal joint. This was a particular problem for him because he was a keen amateur guitarist. Acupuncture to the interosseus muscles and to the shaft of his middle finger relieved the pain and reduced his swelling by about a half; he was then able to play the guitar. Repeat treatments were needed at intervals of about 9–12 months.

Trigger finger: this is due to a constriction of one of the sheaths of the digital flexor tendons in the palm; when the finger is flexed it becomes locked and has to be straightened with the other hand. There is usually a very tender spot in the palm just proximal to the head of the metacarpal bone, which can be needled with good effect.

Overuse syndrome: repetitive strain injury (RSI)

This diagnosis became fashionable in the late 1980s and early 1990s and we started seeing a lot of patients suffering from such symptoms at this time in our clinics, especially affecting musicians and typists. I felt fairly confident that we should be able to help them by means of acupuncture, since I assumed that the cause was active trigger points in the relevant muscles. Alas, not so; there were some successes, but most of the patients did badly. I was puzzled and disappointed, but later some information appeared which may shed light on my failure. There is now some evidence that severe RSI is a form of dystonia, analogous to writer’s cramp (Byl et al., 1997; Bara-Jimenez et al., 1998; Candia et al., 1999;

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Holmes, 1999). We already know that the sensory map in the cortex is not fixed but plastic – capable of rapid change in response to painful stimuli (see Chapter 3). Now the suggestion is that this may also happen in RSI. Repetitive movements of the hand may cause ‘smearing’ of the maps in both the sensory and motor cortices. In normal people, the cortical sensory zones for the thumb and the little finger are about 12 mm apart, but in patients with severe RSI they may overlap almost completely. Similar effects have been found in the thalamus of affected musicians.

The suggested treatment in these cases is exercises to retrain the sensory and motor systems. Patients have been asked to identify letters or numbers blindfold, and have been given exercises for the affected fingers with the unaffected fingers splinted. These measures have produced improvements.

This work is still at an early stage. We don’t know if the improvements that have been found are a placebo effect, and it’s unknown why only certain people become affected; not all musicians suffer symptoms of this kind. Is this because of a genetic predisposition, or is it caused by differences in the way they hold their instruments? We also don’t know exactly how these central changes occur. One idea is that repetitive use of muscles may activate sensory connections that are usually suppressed.

Although the research to date has focused on musicians and others suffering from severe RSI, there is speculation that the effect may exist in many types of chronic pain in which there is no obvious local pathology. I once spent a day working with two physiotherapists who had done my acupuncture course and who were involved in the treatment of ballet

dancers. They told me that the dancers tended to fall into two groups: one group had few or no symptoms, while the other had repeated musculoskeletal problems. Conceivably this pattern is similar to what is found among musicians.

If these findings are confirmed, they would help to explain why my results using acupuncture to treat musicians with RSI were mostly unsatisfactory. Acupuncture generally does not work for dystonias.

References

Baldry P.E. (1998) Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Bara-Jimenez W. et al. (1998) Abnormal somatosensory homunculus in dystonia of the hand. Annals of Neurology 44; 828.

Byl N. et al. (1997) A primate model for studying focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury, Physical Therapy, 77; 269.

Candia V. et al. (1999) Constraint-induced movement therapy for focal hand dystonia in musicians. Lancet, 353; 42.

Holmes B. (1999) The strain is in the brain. New Scientist, 10 April.

Knight B. et al. (2001) Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 97; 184–8.

McMillan C.M. (1998) Acupuncture for nausea and vomiting. In: Medical Acupuncture:

a Western scientific approach (eds Filshie J. & White A.). Churchill Livingstone,

Edinburgh.

Travell J.G. & Simons D.G. (1983) Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction. The trigger point

Chapter 12