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ABSTRACT

The following paper explores the conceptual framework of Ethnomethodology. This concept introduced by Harold Garfinkel to concern with the empirical details of ordinary life. It represents an effort to study the methods in and through which members concertedly produce and assemble the features of everyday life in actual. The paper reveals the concept by focusing on history, meaning, definitions, policies, types, difference between traditional sociology and ethnomethodology, phenomenology and ethnomethodology and distinction between conversational analysis and ethnomethodology and conclusions. The paper may be useful to understand the role of ethnomethodology in research area.

Key Words: Ethnomethodology, Phenomenology etc. ETHNOMETHODOLOGY (EM)

INTRODUCTION

Education is a continuous process which makes changes in the human beings life. The main aim of Education is to survive human being and fulfill the need of individual and nation. For the assurance and maintaining the quality in education different trends and research methods introduced by educationist, philosophers, thinkers, political leaders, psychologist etc., ethnomethodology is one of the trend in research area which originating by Harold Garfinkel in sociology. It represents an effort to study the methods in and through which members concertedly produce and assemble the features of everyday life in actual, concrete, and not hypothetical or theoretically depicted setting. EM is a self generating order in concrete activities, an order whose scientific appreciation depends upon neither prior description, nor empirical generalization, nor formal specification of variables elements and their analytic relation. ETHNOMETHODOLOGY (EM): HISTORY

Garfinkel was a student in Harvard’s Department of Social Relation where he went to study with Talcott Parsons, although Garfinkel’s developing concern with the empirical details of ordinary life. Afterward he mates with Alfred Schutz and Gurwitsch. They had influence of phenomenology on EM, but Garfinkel deemphasized perceptual knowledge as a mental process concern with social facts. Afterward he mate Fred Strodtbeck and worked with him of the project on jury decision making. While working he came upon term such as ethnobotany, ethnophysiology, ethnophysics and others. Then he realized that methodology was something jurors were producing as a prominent and serious feature of their deliberations. Hence, Garfinkel coined “ethnomethodology” to refer to the study of how members of the jury engage in practices whereby they could decide indigenous problems of adequate accountability,

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description, and evidence in relation to the deliberative outcomes they produced. (http//:www.sociologyency clopedia.com).

It was originally developed by Harold Garfinkel, based on his study of: the principles and practices of financial accounting; traditional sociological theory and methods (Primarily: Durkheim, Weber, and Parsons); traditional sociological concerns (Hobbesian "problem of order"); and the phenomenologies of: Aron Gurwitsch, Alfred Schutz, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Anne Rawls provides a brief developmental history of Garfinkel, and ethno-methodology, in, Ethnomethodology’s Program. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomethodology)

ETHNOMETHODOLOGY (EM) - MEANING:

The term Ethnomethodology can be broken down into its three constituent parts: ethno - method - (o) logy, for the purpose of explanation.

Ethno refers to a particular socio-cultural group (for example, a particular, localized community of surfers);

Method refers to the methods and practices this particular group employs in its everyday activities (related to surfing);

(o) logy (from the Greek 'logos'), refers to the methodic description of these methods and practices. The focus of the investigation used in our example is the social order of surfing, the Ethnomethodological interest is in the "how" (the methods and practices) of the production and maintenance of this social order. ETHNOMETHODOLOGY (EM) - DEFINITIONS:

Anne Rawls:

"Ethnomethodology is the study of the methods people use for producing recognizable social orders". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomethodology).

EM is the study of how people produce, organize, and make sense of their everyday lives. (Garfinkel, 1967).

ETHNOMETHODOLOGY (EM) - POLICIES: (http//www.manifesto.com)

Garfinkel (1967) Defined EM research in five policy statements such as Indifference, Contingently- Achievement Accomplishment, Relevance, Accountability and Indexicality. These are as follows discussed:

Policy: 1. Indifference

An indefinitely large domain of appropriate setting can be located if one uses policy that any occasion whatsoever be examined for the feature that ‘choice’ among alternatives of sense, of facticity, of objectivity, of cause, of explanation, of communality, of practical action is a project of members’ action. Such a policy provides that inquiries of every imaginable kind. From divination to theoretical physics, claim our interest as socially organized artful practices. (Garfinkel, 1967, p.32)

Policy: 2. Contingently- Achieved Accomplishment

Members to an organization arrangement are continually engaged in having to decide, recognize, persuade, or make evident the rational… character of such activities of their inquiries as counting, grasping, interrogation, sampling, recording, reporting, planning, decision making, and the rest. Every topic includes methodology and logic. (Garfinkel, 1967, p.32-33)

Policy: 3. Relevance

In that rational properties of practical activities be assessed, recognized, categorized, described by using a rule or a standard obtained outside actual settings within which such properties are recognized, used, produces and talked about by setting members. (Garfinkel, 1967, p. 33)

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Policy: 4. Accountability

The policy is recommended that any social setting be viewed as self organizing with respect to the intelligible characters of its own appearance as either representation of or as evidences of a social order. Any setting organizes its activities to make its properties as an organized environment of practical activities detectable, countable, recordable, reportable, tell-a-story-aboutable, and analyzable. (Garfinkel, 1967, p. 33).

Policy: 5. Indexicality

The demonstrably rational properties of indexical expressions and indexical actions are an ongoing achievement of the organized activities of everyday life. (Garfinkel, 1967, p. 34).

TYPES OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGICAL STUDY:

Types are in the form of characteristics given as below (George, P., 1995): 1. The organization of practical actions and practical reasoning. 2. The organization of talk-in-interaction/Conversation Analysis. 3. Talk-in-interaction within institutional or organizational settings. 4. The study of work / social activity.

5. The haecceity of work.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL SOCIOLOGY AND ETHNOMETHODOLOGY Sr. No.

TRADITIONAL SOCIOLOGY Sr. No. ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

1 It offers an analysis of society which takes the facticity (factual character, objectivity) of the social order for granted. 1 It concerned with the procedures (practices, methods) by which that social order is produced, and shared.

2 It provides descriptions of social settings which compete with the actual descriptions offered by the individuals who are party to those settings. 2 Ethnomethodology seeks to describe the procedures (practices, methods) these individuals use in their actual descriptions of those settings.

ETHNOMETHODOLOGY AND PHENOMENOLOGY:

Even though ethnomethodology has been characterized as having a "phenomenological sensibility", and reliable commentators have acknowledged that, "there is a strong influence of phenomenology on ethnomethodology." (Maynard/Kardash: sociologyencyclopedia.com:1484).

The confusion between the two disciplines stems, in part, from the practices of some ethnomethodologists, who sift through phenomenological texts, recovering phenomenological concepts and findings relevant to their interests, and then transpose these concepts and findings to topics in the study of social order. Such interpretive transpositions do not make the ethnomethodologist a phenomenologist, or ethnomethodology a form of phenomenology.

In, Ethnomethodology's Program (2002), Garfinkel speaks of phenomenological texts and findings as being, "appropriated", and intentionally, "misread", for the purposes of exploring topics in the study of social order. These appropriations and methodical "misreading" of phenomenological texts and findings are clearly made for the purposes of furthering ethnomethodological analyses and should not be mistaken for logical extensions of these phenomenological texts and findings.

ETHNOMETHODOLOGY (EM) AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS (CA): Two essential distinctions: (Rawls / Garfinkel: 2002).

1. EM is committed to an interest in both conversational talk, and the role this talk plays in the constitution of a given social order; think Indexicality / Reflexivity here and the essential embeddedness

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of talk in a specific social order. It is in this sense Conversational Analysis is not separate from Ethnomethodology" (Rawls, 2002).

2. On the other hand, where the study of conversational talk is divorced from its situated context, and de-linked from its reflexive character in terms of constituting a specific social order - that is, as it takes on the character of a purely "technical method", and, "formal analytic enterprise in its own right" [2002:41] - it is not a form of ethnomethodology understood in any orthodox sense. The "danger" of misunderstanding here, as Rawls notes, is that CA in this sense becomes just another formal analytic enterprise, like any other formal method which brings an analytical toolbox of preconceptions, formal definitions, and operational procedures to the situation/setting under study. It might further be noted that when such analytical concepts are generated from within one setting, and conceptually applied (generalized) to another, the (re)application represents a violation of the orthodox EM position regarding the ethnomethodological description of a given social order, as it ignores the essential/fundamental EM principle of the embeddedness of talk in a specifically situated social order.

CONCLUSIONS

EM is a self generating order in concrete activities, an order whose scientific appreciation depends upon neither prior description, nor empirical generalization, nor formal specification of variables elements and their analytic relation. It’s useful to manage interactions of learner in teaching learning process. It concerned with the procedures (practices, methods) by which that social order is produced, and shared. Ethnomethodology seeks to describe the procedures (practices, methods) these individuals use in their actual descriptions of those settings. It helps to organize practical actions of individual and institutional. It helps to study social actions.

REFERANCES

Garfinkel, Harold (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Hitzler, Ronald and Eberle, Thomas S. (2004). Phenomenological Analysis of Life worlds. London: Sage. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomethodology www.socialsciences.Manchester.Ac.Uk www.francescoianni.com. www.roehampton.openrepository.com www.paultenhave.nl www.aare.edu.au www.people.uncw.edu www.manifesto.com www.sociologyencyclopedia

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SOCIAL SITES AND EDUCATION