Historical vicariance has played an important role in shaping the genetic diversity of many taxa in Mexico (Riddle et al. 2000; Riddle & Hafner, 2006; Dolby et al., 2015). However genetic patterns in plants are structured by more recent historical demographic events associated with paleoclimatic fluctuations (Nason et al., 2002; Clark-Tapia & Molina-Freaner, 2003; Garrick et al. 2009). Here we bring another piece of evidence that shallow time climatic events affected the biogeography and phylogeography of a plant species, F. petiolaris, along the Gulf of California. Patterns in mainland Mexico, however, must be interpreted cautiously until additional sampling provides a better description of the genetic landscape in these regions.
It has been recommended in the literature to combine approaches (i.e., fossil records, phylogeography and species distribution modeling) to obtain robust insights of historical processes in species, notably for glacial refugia detection (Gavin et al., 2014). We used species distribution modeling prior to determination of geographic genetic structuring to guide robust hypothesis generation and a posteriori hypothesis testing. Here, the presence of a small suitable habitat in the cape region of the Baja California peninsula, as well as extensive coastal mainland habitat during the LGM helped us formulate and test shallow-time hypotheses over historical vicariance to reconstruct the history behind current genetic structure.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Jordan Salter and Dr. Kyung Seok Kim for their generous assistance with ddRAD sequencing technics teaching and data processing, and Monica Miguel Vázquez and Julio Martínez Ramirez for their helpful assistance in the field. This work was supported by an award from the Center for Global, Regional, Environmental Research
(CGRER) to F. Piatscheck, and by National Science Foundation (NSF) grant DEB-0543102 to J. Nason (Iowa State University) and R. J. Dyer (Virginia Commonwealth University).
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Table 1. Ficus petiolaris study populations sampled for phylogeographic analysis.
Region Population Latitude Longitude Sampled trees
Baja California 158 29.26359723 -114.0216665 16 172 28.29038826 -113.1110026 16 112 27.56491059 -113.0711841 19 113 27.0995915 -112.4968451 15 95 26.35797318 -111.8027891 16 179 25.913455 -111.349716 19 201 25.38127688 -111.3151591 19 204 24.82815902 -110.8077579 6 96 24.03565692 -110.1232369 13 70 23.7377989 -109.8303991 15 39 23.13640033 -109.772005 7 205 23.04974805 -110.0626406 7 Sonora 100-T 104 27.94426216 27.13673531 -111.0843175 -109.769192 5 6 103 26.94244195 -108.8812348 4 Central Mexico 217 215 21.20072032 20.75226385 -103.3229411 -103.188336 6 6 Oaxaca 214 210 16.63305268 16.39167118 -96.05774833 -95.38354844 5 3
Table 2. Multilocus estimates of pairwise Fst between inferred phylogroups of F. petiolaris.
Significance: *** = P < 0.001. Values in parentheses are bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. Baja California Coastal Sonora Mexico Central Oaxaca
Baja California NA
Coastal Sonora (0.1985–0.2928) 0.2466*** NA Central
Mexico (0.4749–0.5800) 0.5297*** (0.1010–0.1835) 0.1399*** NA
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Figure 1. A priori vicariance hypotheses for F. petiolaris based on past and current
physiographic barriers. (A) Sea of Cortez (ca. 5 Myr), (B) Sierra Madre Occidental (ca. 38-20 Myr), (C) Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (ca. 11-3 Myr), (D) Sierra Madre del Sur (ca. 48-23 Myr), (E) Sierra Barabampo-Rio Fuerte break, (F) mid-peninsular seaway (ca. 1 Myr), (G) Loreto break and (H) Isthmus of La Paz (ca. 3 Myr).
Fi gu re 2. H ab ita t s uita bilit y f or F . p etio la ris p ro je cte d u nd er p ale oc lima tic c on ditio ns a t th e LG M (w or ld clim d ata ). Pr oje ctio ns w er e re aliz ed w ith a w ei gh te d mo de l c omb in in g a ll th e mo de l tr ain ed w ith c ur re nt c lima te d ata , f or p as t s ce na rio s. A ) C CS M 4 s cen ar io, B ) M IR O C- ES M scen ar io , C ) M PI -ES M -P sc en ar io , an d D ) E M SE M BL E av er ag ed scen ar io .
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Figure 3. Post-Pleistocene changes in the distribution of F. petiolaris predicted a posteriori from
hind-cast niche modeling. (1) Northward range expansion from the Cape Region of Baja