Due to limited scope of this study, the researcher made the following suggestions on areas in which further research should be carried out.
1. This study only covered two districts (Nyanza and Huye Districts) which is only a small part of Rwanda. Therefore, the study would not be generalized for the entire country. Therefore a similar study should be carried out in other regions of the country in Rwanda in order to enhance the generalization of findings.
2. This study only collected opinions from teachers, students and parents. The study did not collect opinions from other stakeholders. Hence, further research is needed which focuses the perceptions and roles of other stakeholders towards early interventions on learners with physical disabilities.
REFERENCES
Ackah, F R & Appiah, J. (2011). Early intervention as a catalyst for effective early childhood education in Ghana .Ife Psychologia , Vol. 19, No. 1 , March 2011 Anderson, S., & Doyle, M. (2005). Intervention and prevention programs to support
student mental health: The literature and examples from the Mind Matters Plus initiative. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(2), 220- 227
Bailey D.B., Hebber K., Spiker D., Scarborough (2005). Pediatrics. AMACad Pediatrics vol.116 No.6. Pp 1346-1352.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Batsche,G., Elliott, J., Graden, J. L., Grimes, J., Kovaleski, J. F., Prasse, D., Schrag,
J., & Tilly, W.D. (2006), Response to intervention: policy considerations and implementation (p.22). Alexandria,VA; National Association of state Directors of Special Education,Inc.
Best, S.J, Heller, K.W and Bigge, J.L (2010) Teaching individuals Saddle River, N.J: Merill Pearson Education.
Bickman, L., &Rog, D.J. (1998).Handbook of applied social research methods. Newbury Park: CA.
Brookshaw,(2009). The Material culture of children and childhood: under-standing childhood objects in the museum context. Journal of Material Culture14:365–83.
Brown, M. (2009). Education and invasive procedures: Opportunities and challenges for the future. Paper to the Invasive Procedures Conference, University of Dundee (June).
Bruder, M. ( 2000). Family Centered Early intervention: Clarifying our values for the new Millennium. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 20:105−15. California: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Campbell, H. and Sawyer, L. (2009). Changing Early Intervention Providers‟ Home Visiting Skills through Participation in Professional Development. Topics in Early Childhood Professional Development 28:219–34.
Carpenter B., and Egerton J. (eds) (2005). Early Childhood Intervention: International Perspectives, National Initiatives and Regional Practice. Coventry: West Midlands SEN Regional Partnership.
Champion, P. (2005). The at-risk infant – approaches to intervention: the Champion Centre model. In B. Carpenter and J. Egerton (eds) New Horizons in Special Education: Evidence based practice in action. Clent, Worcestershire: Sunfield Publications.
Cowan, C. P. P. A (2005). Two Variations of a preventive intervention for couples. Mahwah,N. J Elbaum.
Cozby, P.C. (2001). Measurement Concepts: Methods in Behavioural Research (7th ed.).
Deborah, D.S. (2006). Introduction to special education: making a difference (6th Edition).
Dodge, Y. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, OUP. ISBN 0-19- 920613-9 (entry for "independent variable")
Duketis, E. Wilker C., Valerian, J. Feineis-Matthews S. & Freitag C. M. (2011) Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- University, Frankfurt, Germany.
Dyson A, Hertzman C, Roberts H, Tunstill J, Vaghri Z. (2009). Childhood development, education and health inequalities, Task group report to the Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post 2010 (Marmot Review). London: University College London.
Enderby, P. (2002). Research in brief: Team working in community rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Nursing 11(3):409-11.
Freund, L.S. (1990). Maternal Regulation of Children's Problem Solving Behaviour and Its Impact on Children's Performance. Child Development; 61:113-126. Gakii, C (2003). “How parents teachers relationship influence pre-school teachers
attitude to children in Meru north district”. Unpublished M.E.D. Thesis: Kenyatta University
Gilliam, W.S., & Zigler, E.F. (2001). A critical meta-analysis of all evaluations of state-funded preschool from 1977 to 1998: Implications for policy, service delivery and program evaluation. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15, 441-473.
Goode, S., Diefendorf, M., &Colgan.M. (2011). The importance of early intervention for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families. www.nectac.org.- pdf. Retrieved April 2014.
Greenwood, C. R., Walker, D., & Buzhardt, J. (2010). The early communication indicator (ECI) for infants and toddlers: Early head start growth norms from two states. Journal of Early Intervention, 32, 310-334. Retrieved from:http://www.crtiec.org/aboutcrtiec/documents/Greenwoodetal2011Advan cesinMeasurement.pdf
Guralnick, M. J. (2000). Early childhood intervention: Evolution of a system. In M.Wehmeyer& J.R. Patton (Eds.), Mental retardation in the 21st century (pp.7-58). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Hallahan, Kauffman, and Pullen (2009). Exceptional Learners. 11th ed. Boston: DF Hanson, M.J., Blackman, J.A., and Kaul, S. (2003), Early Intervention practices
around the world. Baltimore MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
Hardman, M. M. Drew, C. J & Egan, M. W. (2005)..Human Exceptionality: School, Community and Family. New York; Allayn and Bacon
Heller, K.W & Jones, D. (2003).Supporting the Educational Needs of students with Orthopedic impairments. M Evans: New York.
http://www.dds.ca.gov/EarlyStart/WhatsES.cfm
http://www.kise.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44&Itemid =133
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disability/StudyEducation/NGOs/Rwand a Human Rights FirstRwanda Association.
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disability/StudyEducation/NGOs/RwandaH umanRightsFirstRwanda Association
Humphrey, A. & Linn, D. (2006). An Occupation-Centered Discussion of Development and Implications for Practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 60:258−67.
Johnson, E., Mellard, D. F., Fuchs, D., & McKnight, M. A. (2006). Responsiveness to intervention (RtI): How to do It. National Research Center on Learning Disabilities (NRCLD). Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas.
Justice, L.M. (2001) Early intervention training in Ukraine: Building capacity one step at a time. The ASHALeader, 12(2007), 30-31.
Kernan, M. (2012) Parental Involvement in Early Learning: A review of research, policy and good practice. Report researched and prepared by Margaret Kernan (ICDI) on behalf of Bernard van Leer Foundation, The Hague
Klass, S. (2003). The home visitor’s guidebook: Promoting optimal parent and child development, 2nd ed.
Levin, C. (2007). Curriculum on the 1st Century: Does curriculum Matter? Education Services Australia. Retrieved from:
http://www.eqa.edu.au/site/doescurricum matter.html.
Lifter, Karin, Suzanne Foster-Sanda, Caley Arzamarski, Jacquelyn Briesch, and EllenMcClure. (2011). Overview of Play: Its Uses and Importance in Early Intervention/Early Childhood Special Education. Infants and Young Children 24:225−45
Lifter, L. & Karin, H. (2008). Developmental Play Assessment and Teaching. In Effective Practices for Children with Autism: Educational and Behavioral Support Interventions that Work, edited by James K. Luiselli, Dennis C. Russo, Walter P. Christian, and Susan M. Wilczynski, 299−324.
Mashburn, A.J., Pianta, R.C., Hamre, B.K., Downer, J.T., Barbarin, O.A., Bryant, D., Burchinal, M. Early, D.M., and Howes, C. (2008). Measures of Classroom Quality in Pre-Kindergarten and Children‟s Development of Academic, Language, and Social Skills. Child Development, 79(3), 732-749.
Mcakwayne, C. & M. J Hanson (2004). Developing cross-cultural competence. Psychology in the schools 41: 363-77
McWilliam, K. & Robin, A. (2010). Routines-Based Early Intervention: Supporting Young Children and Their Families.
Michael International Disability Alliance (IDA, 2012). In The Developmental Systems Approach to Early Intervention, edited by Suggestions for disability-relevant questions to be included in the list of issues for 62nd-63rd pre-sessional working group of the CRC Committee.
Monterosso L, Kristjanson L.J, & Evans S.F (2003). Effect of postural supports on neuromotor function in very preterm infants to term equivalent age, Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health, 39, 197-205.
Muga E. (2003). Screening for disability in a community: the ten questions screen for children in Bondo, Journal of African Health Services. Kenya.
Mundo, E. (2009). Neuroscienze per la psicologia clinica. Le basi del dialogo mente- cervello. Milano, Raffaello
National Treasury Department, Republic of South Africa (2007). Intergovernmental
fiscalreview 2007. Retrieved from:
http://www.treasury.gov.za/publications/igfr/2007/default.aspx
Nwokah, E. & Gulker, H. (2006). Emergent Literacy for Children with Disabilities: Developing Positive Interest in Literacy Experiences (Part I). ACEI: Focus on Infants and Toddlers, 18:4−8
Nwokah, E. (2003). Giggle Time in the Infant/Toddler Classroom: Learning and Connecting through Shared Humor and Laughter. ACEI: Focus on Infants and Toddlers16:1−8.
Ogince, M; Hall, T; Robinson, K; Blackmore, AM (2007). The diagnostic validity of the cervical flexion-rotation test in C1/2-related cervicogenic headache. Manual therapy12 (3): 256–62. doi:10.1016/j.math.2006.06.016. PMID 17112768.
Orodho, J. A. (2008). Techniques of research proposal and reports in education and social sciences. Nairobi: Kanezja HP Enterprises.
Pagliano, P.J. (1999). Multisensory Environment. David Fulton Publishers: London, Panesar, A. (2003). Early intervention in Kenya. Down Syndrome News and Update.
3(3);82-82
Peterson, A., Gayle J. Luze, Elaine M. Eshbaugh, Hyun-JooJeon, and Kelly R.( 2007). Enhancing Parent-Child Interactions through Home Visiting: Promising Practice or Unfulfilled Promise? Journal of EarlyIntervention29:119−40. Powell, D., and Diamond, K. (2011). Improving Outcomes of Coaching-Based
Professional Development Interventions. In S.B. Neuman and D. K. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook of Early Literacy Research, Vol. 3 (pp. 295- 307). New York: Guilford.
Queensland Department of the Premier and Cabinet (2006). Policy Alert Issue 18. Rainforth, B. & Salisbury, C.L.. (1988). Functional home programs: A model for
therapists. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 33-45.
Republic of Rwanda Education Board (2015). Results for Rwanda Advanced Certificate of Education Examination in 2014 Academic Year.
Rwanda Ministry of Education Early Childhood Development Policy, (2011) Rwandan journal of education (2013).
Schoger S.A (2005) Early interventions for positioning the infant and small child,21stInternational Seating Symposium, Seating &Mobility for People with Disabilities, Wyndham Palace Resort& Spa, Orlando/ lake Buena Vista, United States of America. www.iss.pitt.edu
Schreiber, J. (2004) Increased intensity of physical therapy for a child with gross motor developmental delay: A case report, Physical & Occupational Therapy in Paediatrics, 24, 4, 63-78.
Shore, R. (1997) Rethinking the Brain: New Insights into Early Development. New York, NY: Families and Work Institute.
Spiker, D., Hebbeler, K., Wagner, M., Cameto, R., & McKenna, P. (2000). A framework for describing variations in state early intervention systems. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 20, 195-207
Spiker, D., Kathleen, Hebbler, M. & Sangeeta, M. (2005). Developing and Implementing Early Intervention Programs for Children with Established Disabilities.
Stephens L.C & Tauber S.K (2001) cited in Case-Smith J (2001). Occupational Therapy for Children (4th edition), Mosby Inc, Elsevier Science: United States of America.
Stöbe-Blossey, S. (2008). Qualitätsentwicklung und Qualitätssteuerung in Familienzentren. In: Rietmann, S. / Hensen, G.(Hrsg.): Tagesbetreuung im Wandel. Das Familienzentrum als Zukunftsmodell. Wiesbaden: 101-120 Stoltzfus, Emilie, and Karen E. Lynch. 2009. Home Visitation for Families with
Young
Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England post (2010). The Marmort review. University College London - Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, 1-19, Torrington Place - London - WC1E 6BT Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 1680. Retrieved from: http://www.marmotreview.org
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments, PL105-17 (1997) (codified as 20 USC §1431-§1445)
The Parent-Child Home Program (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.parent- child.org.
U.S Department of Education ( 2002), Twenty-Third annual report to congress on the implementation of the individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, D.C: Government printing office.
Ulijaszek S. (2011). Childhood Obesity as an Amplifier of Societal Inequality in the United States. Global Perspectives in Childhood Obesity, 463-473. Chapter 43
UN Report (2001). United Nations Literacy Decade: Education for all. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 2200 (XXI) of 16 December 1966. Retrieved from: http://www.un- documents.net/icescr.htm
UNESCO (1997). Education Sector Monograph No 8
UNESCO (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Paris: UNESCO.
UNICEF (2002). Families in context: Emerging trends in family support and early intervention. London: David Fulton Publishers.
UNICEF (2003), The State of the World’s Children. Geneva: United Nations
UNICEF (2009). Innocenti Research Centre: Innocenti Social Monitor Child Well- being at a Crossroads: Evolving Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Florence: United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF).
Wafula, W., Poipoi M., Wanyama, R. & Nyakwara, S. (2012). Early identification of Learning Disabilities among Standard Three Pupils of Public Primary Schools in Butere District, Kenya. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 3(5):395-700. Retrieved from:
http://sjeteraps.scholarlinkresearch.com/articles/Early%20Identification%20o f%20Learning%20Disabilities.pdf
Ward, A., Howard W.S., & Mildrres M.W. (1996). Achievement and Ability Tests- Definition of the Domain, Educational Measurement 2. University Press of America, pp. 2-5, IS, ISBN 978-0-7618-0385-0
World Bank (2007). Cost, Financing and Early Childhood Education in Malawi. African Region Human Development.
APPENDICES
APPENDEX I: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR THE TEACHERS