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Surface protection can be applied to the concrete surface to cover cracked concrete. This may be performed to prevent penetration of aggressive substances, but also for aesthetic rea- sons, see later. By testing according to the test method EN 1062-7, on ‘Crack bridging ability’
Table E1.4 Performance requirements for hydrophobic impregnation (of concrete test specimens) Properties and characteristics Test method Requirements
For all intended uses
Depth of penetration EN 1766 and EN 13579 Depth of penetration measured on 100 mm concrete test cubes C(0.70) according to EN 1766 (not C(0.45) as given in EN 13579). The depth of penetration is measured with an accuracy of 0.5 mm by breaking of the treated specimen and spraying the fracture surface with water. The depth of penetration should exceed 5 mm
Water absorption and EN 13580 Absorption ratio should be less than 7.5%
resistance to alkali compared with the untreated specimen
Absorption ratio after immersion in alkali solution should be less than 10%
Drying rate coefficient EN 13579 ⬎30%
For certain intended uses
Chloride diffusion EN 13396 The coefficient of chloride diffusion only needs to be tested when the capillary absorption of water is greater than 0.01 kg/m2h0.5. The result to be estimated
by the designer
Loss of mass after EN 13581 The loss of mass of the impregnated
freeze–thaw action specimen must occur at least 20 cycles
later than that of the non-impregnated specimen. This test is only necessary for structures which may come into contact with de-icing salts
Table E1.5 Performance requirements for sealing of concrete surfaces Properties and characteristics Test method Requirements
For all intended uses
Capillary absorption and EN 1062-3 Less than 0.1 kg/m2h0.5
permeability to water
Depth of penetration measured EN 1766 and EN 13579 The depth of penetration is defined
on 100 mm impregnated with an exactness of 0.5 mm by
concrete test cubes C(0.70) breaking of the treated specimen and spraying the fracture surface with water. The depth of penetration should be greater than 5 mm
For certain intended uses
Abrasion resistance (Taber EN ISO 5470-1 or At least 10% improvement when using Abrase) EN 13813 for floors abrading wheel with H22 per 1000 cycles
at a load of 1000 g in comparison with a non-impregnated concrete surface Permeability to water vapour EN ISO 7783-1 and 2 Class I: sD⬍5 m (permeable to water
vapour)
Class II: 5 ⬍ sD⬍50 m (not dense
against water vapour and not permeable to water vapour)
Class III: sD⬎50 m (impermeable to
water vapour)
Chloride diffusion EN 13396 and EN 1062-3 The coefficient of chloride diffusion only needs to be tested when the capillary absorption of water is greater than 0.01 kg/m2h0.5. The result to be estimated
by the designer
Adhesion after thermal EN 1766 and Thermal cycling acc. to EN 13687-1 and compatibility on substrate EN 13687-1, 2 and 3 2 is carried out on the same sample
C(0.70) acc. to EN 1766 After thermal cycling the following
should be fulfilled: Visual. No bubbles, cracks and delamination
Outside application with Pull-off test. Vertical surface
de-icing salt influence (20⫻) Average: ⭓0.8 MPa and minimum
and thermal shock (10⫻) value: ⭓0.5 MPa
Outside application without Horizontal unloaded surface
de-icing salt impact (20⫻) Average: ⭓1.0 MPa and minimum
value: ⭓0.7 MPa Horizontal loaded surface Average: ⭓1.5 MPa and minimum value: ⭓1.0 MPa
Chemical resistance ISO 2812-1 No visual defects after 30 days’ exposure to relevant environments defined in EN 206-1
Impact resistance ISO 6272 No visual cracks and delamination after loading
Table E1.6 Performance requirements for paint on concrete
Properties and characteristics Test method Requirements
For all intended uses
Abrasion resistance (Taber Abraser) EN ISO 5470-1 or Less than 2000 mg lost materials EN 13813 for floors when using abrading wheel with H22
per 1000 cycles and a load of 1000 g
Permeability to CO2 EN 1062-6 sD⬎50 m
Permeability to water vapour EN ISO 7783-1 and 2 Class I: sD⬍5 m (permeable to water
vapour)
Class II: 5 ⬍ sD⬍50 m (permeable/
not permeable to water vapour) Class III: sD⬎50 m (impermeable to
water vapour) Capillary absorption and EN 1062-3 ⬍0.1 kg/m2h0.5
permeability to water
Resistance to severe chemical EN 13529 Class I: 3 days without pressure
attack Class II: 28 days without pressure
It is recommended to use testing Class III: 28 days with pressure liquids as specified in EN 13529 Change of shore D: Less than 50% Other testing liquids can be agreed when measured according to EN ISO between the interested parties 2815 or 24 hours after the paint is
removed from chemical attack: EN ISO 868
Impact resistance measured on ISO 6272 No visual cracks or delamination
painted concrete specimens after testing
MC(0.40) acc. to EN 1766 Class I: 4 Nm
Table E1.5 (continued )
Properties and characteristics Test method Requirements Class I: 4 Nm Class II: 10 Nm Class III: 20 Nm
Pull-off testing EN 1542 Pull-off. Vertical surface
Average: 0.8 MPa and minimum value: ⭓0.5 MPa
Concrete C(0.70) acc. to Horizontal, unloaded surface
EN 1766, curing 7 days Average: 1.0 MPa and minimum value:
at normal climate and ⭓0.7 MPa
7 days at 70 °C in comparison with Horizontal, loaded surface
the non-impregnated specimen Average: 1.5 MPa and minimum value:
⭓1.0 MPa
Resistance to fire EN 13501-1 Euroclasses
Slip/skid resistance EN 13036-4 Class I: ⬎40 units wet tested Class I for inside wet surface Class II: ⬎40 units dry tested Class II for inside dry surface Class III: ⬎55 units wet tested Class III for outside application
Table E1.6 (continued )
Properties and characteristics Test method Requirements
The thickness and expected impact Class II: 10 Nm
load influence the choice of class Class III: 20 Nm
Pull-off strength EN 1766 and EN 1542 Paint with hardness shore D ⬍ 60: Rigid (brittle) paint with hardness Pull-off. Without trafficking
shore D ⭓ 60 according to Average: ⭓0.8 MPa and minimum
EN ISO 868 value: ⭓0.5 MPa
Concrete MC(0.40) acc. to EN 1766 Pull-off. With trafficking
should be used Average: ⭓1.5 MPa and minimum
value: ⭓1.0 MPa
Curing: Paint with hardness shore D ⭓ 60:
28 days for one-component paint, Pull-off. Without trafficking
cement paint and PCC systems, Average: ⭓1.0 MPa and minimum
but 7 days for reactive resin systems value: ⭓0.7 MPa Pull-off. With trafficking
Average: ⭓2.0 MPa and minimum value: ⭓1.5 MPa
For certain intended uses
Linear shrinkage EN 12617-1 Paint with shore D ⭓ 60 and
Appropriate only for rigid thickness ⭓3 mm: linear
(brittle) paint with application shrinkage ⬍0.3%
thickness ⭓3 mm
Compressive strength EN 12190 Class I: ⭓35 MPa (for polyamide
wheels)
Class II: ⭓50 MPa (for steel wheels) Coefficient of thermal expansion EN 1770 Paint with hardness shore D ⭓ 60 and Only applicable to rigid (brittle) EN 1766 thickness ⭓1 mm:
paint with thickness ⭓1 mm ␣T ⬍ 30 ⫻ 10⫺6K⫺1
Only for outside application (for outside application)
Cross cut test measured on coated EN ISO 2409 and Cross cut value ⬍GT 2 concrete samples MC(0.40) EN 1766 Distance between cuts: 4 mm This test is only for thin smooth Note: The test is carried out in the films up to 0.5 mm dry thickness basic test additionally to the pull-off
test. Therefore, on site the cross cut performance test may replace the pull-off test
Chloride diffusion EN 13396-2 The coefficient of chloride diffusion The result should be evaluated by should only be tested if the capillary
the designer absorption of water exceeds
0.01 kg/m2h0.5
Adhesion after thermal action on EN 1766 Thermal cycling acc. to EN 13687-1 the substrate MC(0.40) according and 2 is carried out on the same sample
to EN 1766 After testing the following should be
Shore D acc. to EN ISO 868 fulfilled: Visual. No popouts, cracks and delamination
Outside application with de-icing EN 13687-1 Paint with hardness shore D ⬍ 60:
Table E1.6 (continued)
Properties and characteristics Test method Requirements
Freeze/thaw cycles with salts (50) EN 13687-2 Average: ⭓0.8 MPa and minimum
Thunder shower cycling (thermal value: ⭓0.5 MPa
shock) (10⫻) Pull-off. With trafficking
EN 13687-3 Average: ⭓1.5 MPa and minimum value: ⭓1.0 MPa
Outside application without de-icing Paint with hardness shore D ⭓ 60:
salt influence Pull-off. Without trafficking
Thermal cycling without de-icing salt EN 1062-11 Average: ⭓1.0 MPa and minimum
impact (20⫻) value: ⭓0.7 MPa
EN 13687-5 Pull-off. Without trafficking
Inside application Average: ⭓2.0 MPa and minimum
Curing: 7 days at 70 °C value: ⭓1.5 MPa
Resistance to thermal shock (1⫻)
Chemical resistance ISO 2812-1 No visual defects after 30 days’ exposure to relevant environment as defined in EN 206-1
Crack bridging abilitya EN 1062-7 The required classes and test
conditions are given in Tables E1.7 and E1.8. After testing according to the required class no failures may occur
Resistance to fire EN 13501-1 Euroclasses
Skid/slip resistance EN 13036-4
Inside wet surface: Class I Class I: ⬎40 units wet tested
Inside, dry surface: Class II Class II: ⬎40 units dry tested Outside dry/wet surface: Class III Class III: ⬎55 units wet tested Gloss and colourfastness EN 1062-11 After 2000 hours of artificial
weathering
Exposure to UV radiation and No blistering, ISO 4628-2
humidity only applies to outside No blistering, ISO 4628-4 surface protection. It should be tested No flaking, ISO 4628-5
only white and RAL 7030 Slight colour change, loss of gloss and
chalking may be acceptable, but must be described
Antistatic behaviour EN 1081 Class I: ⬎104 and ⬍106 ⍀
Class II: ⬎106 and ⬍108 ⍀ Adhesion on wet concrete, tests EN 13578 After loading:
on substrate MC(0.40) Visual. No blistering, ISO 4628-2
This test is only relevant for paint No cracking, ISO 4628-4
intended to be applied on fresh No flaking, ISO 4628-5
and humid concretes Pull-off ⭓1.5 MPa and ⬎50% as
concrete rupture
aConditioning according to EN 1062-11: Reactive resin systems, 7 days at 70 °C; Dispersion paint at UV
radiation and humidity.
The required crack bridging ability should be determined by the designer with respect to local conditions (climate, crack widths and crack movement).
(Tables E1.7 and E1.8), the supplier/manufacturer can document the ability of paint to bridge active cracks. Film depositing paint is divided into five classes (A1 to A5) and the capability of paint is then stated as, for example, A4 (⫺20 °C). This means that the paint has the capabil- ity to bridge a crack width of 1250 m at a rate of 0.5 mm/min at temperature ⫺20°C accord- ing to method A in EN 1062-7.
Generally, paint is applied in several layers each with different properties (e.g. primer, paint and topcoat). It is the property of the total surface protection which is important. In surface protection which, for example, consists of elastic washing mortar with covering paint, the washing mortar will be able to bridge a larger crack width than the paint alone.
For major changes of crack width, paint (and membranes) may be reinforced by elastic textile and thus achieve improved capacity to bridge cracks.