Autores
2. Nuevas conectividades: el factor relacional, inteligencia colectiva y habilidades para la vida
The research design of this study, as illustrated in Figure 4.1, uses relevant research paradigms in representing different forms or meanings, philosophical perspectives, coherent foundations or assumptions about knowledge, how it can be created or obtained, its potential implications, possibilities and limitations (Guba and Lincoln 1994; Hirschheim 1985; Mingers 2003a; Mingers and Brocklesby 1997; Orlikowski and Baroudi 1991; Patton 1999; Spender 1998). Doing so is important because the research methods that are applied must take into K. Mijinyawa
Research Propositions Conceptual Model Literature Analysis
Research Problem
Research Findings Empirical Model Interpretivist Research Epistemology
Research Objective
Clarification of study assumptions Literature ResearchResearch MethodologyField Research
Qualitative Research Mode Case-Study Strategy
Data Collection Interviews
Data Analysis Theoretical and Inductive Approaches
Start
Stop
Results
Iterative purposeful and theoretical data sampling
Chapter 4: Research Methods 75
consideration the subjective and complex nature of factors and their influences on the adoption of OSS (Robert et al. 1987). Therefore, key elements of research paradigms, including ontology, epistemology, and axiology (Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998; Mingers 2003; Mingers and Brocklesby 1997), were examined, and Figure 4.2 will be used as a guide to the discussions.
Figure 4.2 Research Paradigm
As shown in Figure 4.2, the first element of research paradigm, ontology, has been described as the type of reality assumed to exist and the nature or view of that reality, which can be objectivist with a singular or objective view of reality, and subjectivist with a multiple, individually or culturally constructed view of reality (Cepeda and Martin 2005; Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998; Mingers 2003; Mingers and Brocklesby 1997; Sandelowski 2000). Clearly, a subjectivist stance is more consistent with the subjective and complex nature of the contexts and meanings of factors that influence OSS adoption (see section 2.5.2 and section 3.3). This is even so given that a subjectivist stance allows us to consider the complexity of factors that influence OSS adoption, and its subjectively multiple contexts with respect to the heterogeneous SMEs. This emergent ontology of complexity and subjectivity, on the nature of factors influencing the OSS adoption, has implications on epistemology in this study, which is the next element that will be discussed.
The second element of research paradigm shown in Figure 4.2 is epistemology, which has been described as a form of representation of reality, related information sources and how to obtain it, possibilities of and limitations on knowledge of that reality (Hirschheim 1985;
Mingers 2003; Mingers and Brocklesby 1997; Myers 1997; Sandelowski 2000). These descriptions of epistemology present some issues that raise questions about research assumptions on knowledge, which has often led to choices of a interpretivist and positivist epistemological stances in MIS research fields (Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998; Galliers 1992;
Epistemology Axiology
Complexity
Subjectivity Exploration Explanation Understanding
Evaluation Paradigm
Assumptions/
objectives/
relevance
Subjectivist Ontology
Interpretivist Effectiveness
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Guba and Lincoln 1994; Miles and Huberman 1994; Orlikowski and Baroudi 1991; Walsham 1995; Yin 1994). Therefore, these two approaches are examined within the context of the three issues relevant to the description of epistemology above.
The first issue is the form of representation of factors that influence OSS adoption. This form of representation must be consistent with the subjectivist ontology established earlier.
Therefore, in consideration of the complex and subjective nature of context and meanings of the factors that influence the adoption of OSS, an interpretivist approach is selected because this accepts the complexity and subjectivity of the research phenomena (Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998; Myers 1997; Sale et al. 2002), and thus it is consistent with a subjectivist view adopted in this study. On the other hand, a positivist epistemology would not be consistent here because it assumes an objective view (Metcalfe 2005; Sale et al. 2002) and thus would be more appropriate for simplification of the complexity of research issues to achieve control or quantification over such research issues (Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998).
The second issue is identifying appropriate sources of knowledge on factors influencing OSS adoption and how to obtain it. First, due to their subjectivity and complexity, knowledge on factors influencing OSS adoption may be better explored from their multiple natural settings (Myers 1997; Sale et al. 2002). This is consistent with an interpretivist approach which places an emphasis on the realism of the contexts of the phenomenon, which here means the subjective and complex nature of factors influencing OSS adoption. Second, due to their subjectivity and complexity, knowledge about factors influencing OSS adoption may be better explored by capturing the subjective participants' complex experiences of OSS adoption, within their subjective, natural settings. This is also consistent with an interpretivist approach which allows knowledge to be explored from the multiple perspectives of the observer (researcher) and participants within the natural setting of the phenomenon (Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998; Myers 1997; Robert et al. 1987; Sale et al. 2002). Thus, the researcher is also involved as a subjective observer focused on exploring, explaining, and understanding the factors influencing OSS adoption.
The third issue is a consideration of the possibilities of, and limitations on, knowledge (Mingers and Brocklesby 1997) of the factors, which can be assumed to be subjective to the views of the researcher and the participants within the natural contexts of OSS adoption.
Such exploration of the possibilities and limitation of knowledge of the factors is relevant in this area of OSS adoption, which is still in its infancy (Agerfalk et al. 2006; Dedrick and West 2003; Fitzgerald and Kenny 2003; Holck et al. 2005; Larsen et al. 2004; Overby et al. 2006).
K. Mijinyawa
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Therefore, exploring possibilities and limitations on knowledge of the factors can lead to a better understanding of the factors influencing OSS adoption. This fits with an interpretivist approach which accepts that knowledge can be gained through an appreciation of possibilities and limitations of known or new concepts as they emerge from empirical observations (Galliers 1992; Kaplan and Maxwell 1994; Yin 1994).
The third element of the research paradigm is axiology, which has been described as the relevance of knowledge to practice (Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998), a purpose or value of the knowledge being sought, or how one should act in an informed and reflective manner (Mingers 2003; Mingers and Brocklesby 1997; Sandelowski 2000). Thus, as shown in Figure 4.2, the relevance of exploring and understanding factors influencing OSS adoption is the development of a framework for evaluation of OSS adoption. Such evaluation may provide insight into the effectiveness, ethical, or moral values (Habermas 1993) of OSS adoption.
However, this research study is focused on developing a framework of empirical factors that can be used to evaluate the adoption of OSS by IT SMEs.