5. Propuesta Educativa
5.1. Presentación de la propuesta: Valladolid sin Barreras
5.1.1. Objetivos
C2---- C3 —
Figure 2-9
C2 can only be one of the liquids, usually the trill / r r / . I have recorded only one example of the lateral / l / and two of the continuant / r / .
C3can only be of the voiceless peripheral stops / p / or / k / , or the dorsal nasal /n g /.
2-56 ngurrp - em u
wandirrk - raft pole
yirmg - sea turtle
musyulng - swag
perperkngini - soft
berk - farting noise
Intersyllabic Intra-morphemic Clusters C3 C4
C3 — C4 —
Figure 2-10
Syllable final preconsonantal C3 can be any voiceless stop, nasal or
liquid. Syllable initial postconsonantal C4 can be any stop, any nasal, the
peripheral fricatives / f / and / g / , and either semivowel. These are only general statements of distribution, not all conceivable combinations being attested. Three more precise statements of the types of cluster found intramorphemically are set out below.
1) Stops and Stops
A non-peripheral voiceless stop followed by a peripheral voiceless stop.
2-57 ngatypirr - distant
waikuwaiku - frog
(tp and tyk remain unattested) 2) Stops and Nasals
wendili kunintyin20 - wangga Grevillia pteridifolia Boab tree dance style
The only heterorganic nasal /stop clusters to occur intramorphemically are the apical / n / followed by a peripheral stop.
2-59 kanbi
ngan/gi
bamboo, didjeridu language, story, word No homorganic nasal/nasal clusters occur within morphemes. The single heterorganic cluster that occurs here is /n + m /.
2-60 panmi - fork, crotch
minmi - no !
Stop /nasal clusters likewise reflect this pattern, consisting only of a voiceless stop plus /m /.
2-61 tyatma - straight
apma - shutup!
(km and tym are unattested) 3) Liquids
The lateral / ! / followed by any o f / p k m f g w y / .
melj>e flat
ngilmil semen
ngulfin slope
milwadi waist
deiyek woman who has borne a child
walkity flower
malgin spinifex
The trill / r r / followed by any of /m f g w /.
2-63 durrmu agarrfuru (W)- malarrgu - darrwa paint(ing) skin longnecked turtle raft
20The contrast in Ngan'gityemerri between apical nasal n and laminal nasal ny is neutralised in intramorphemic nasal stop clusters with the laminal stop ty. In the practical orthography used here, this cluster is represented as -nty- not -nyty-, although the nasal is phonetically realised as laminal [p].
The continuant / r / has only been recorded in intramorphemic clusters with the dorsal obstruents, i.e. /r+ g / and /r+ k /.
2-64 m id irg u rr - nut sp.
n g irkik - breathlessness
From these three statements we can observe that C3 cannot be a
fricative, a semivowel or a voiced stop. C4 cannot be a liquid, the laminal
fricative / sy /, or a voiced stop, except postnasally - a position in which, morpheme-medially, the stop contrast is neutralised. We can also perceive the significance of the feature '±peripheral'.
Intersvllabic Intra-morphemic Clusters second elem ent —>
T
p b f t d a ty ay k g m n ny 1 rr r T7 y P\
X b\
f\
t\
X X X d\
a\
ty X\
«y\
k\
g\
m X\
n X X X X\
ny X\
*g X\
1 X X X X X X Xk
X X rr X X X X X X Xk
X r X X\
X Y7\
y\
Figure 2-11 Intersyllabic Inter-morphemic Clusters. C3+C4We can now address the C3C4 clusters that occur across morpheme
boundaries. As an essentially agglutinating language, Ngan'gityemerri displays widespread compounding, full and partial root reduplication, and extensive affixation and cliticisation. A far greater range of clusters is
exploited intra-morphemically.
Now, with one extension and one minor exception, any C3 can be followed by any Ci, ie: any word final consonant can be followed by one which can occur initially. The extension is that the continuant / r / which has an extremely rare final occurrence, can now be followed by any Q consonant. The one exception is that no voiced stop or fricative can follow a voiceless stop. This is merely a theoretical constraint though, as N gan’gityemerri morphemes are so structured that such impermissible clusters are not produced (ie: no morpheme ends in a voiced stop, no suffix begins with a voiced stop, no prefixes end in a voiceless stop).
Triconsonant Clusters: C2C3+C4
Triconsonant-clusters do not occur intra-morphemically. They are produced only across morpheme boundaries, as the result of two morphological processes: reduplication and affixation. Triconsonant- clusters resulting from each of these processes are examined separately here, as there are differences in the number of clusters they generate, and the types permitted in surface forms.
In Ngan'gityemerri there are a small group of monosyllables having final C2C3 clusters (see 2.3.1), e.g p u rrk 'clap'. The reduplication of such syllables generates triconsonant-clusters of the form C1VC2C3C1VC2C3. C3, as we saw above, is restricted to the peripheral stops/nasal /p k ng/. The Ci can be any of /p k m ng/.
Triconsonant Clusters
C 3 ---
However, as the examples below show, / p / has not been recorded in C3 in a triconsonant cluster, and / k / has not been recorded in Q . Given that / p / appears as C3 in C2C3 clusters in unreduplicated syllables, eg ngurrp 'emu', and / k / otherwise appears in Ci, these gaps appear to be accidental rather than in any way systematic.
2-65 purrngpurmg ngirrkngirrk purrkpurrk m arrngmarrng boiling dog's growl
little things, clapping happy-go-lucky
Not only are triconsonant-clusters resulting from reduplication heavily restricted by the small number of monosyllabic QVC2C3 words, but where C3 and C4 share the same manner of articulation they are subject to a morphophonological rule that deletes C3 (see 2.4.1).
In contrast the process of affixation generates a far wider number of triconsonant-clusters, all of which are permitted (i.e. clusters where C3 and C4 share the same manner of articulation are not affected by the rule discussed in 2.4.1).
Monosyllabic verb roots ending in C2C3 clusters are typically followed by consonant initial verbal enclitics.
2-66 a) ngi - purrk - pe - I'll dance, clap.
lsgSit-dance - Put
SU Irr clap
b) dini -parmg -tve - He was snoring.
3sgSit-snore -Past
SU Imp
And monosyllabic nominals ending in C2C3 clusters can be followed by consonant-initial nominal suffixes.
2-67 a) virmg-ne - ..for sea turtles..
sea -PURP
turtle
b) ngurrp-pefi - ..towards the emu..
emu -THITH
Theoretically any of the C2C3 clusters that we have noted could be followed by any consonant that appears initially on nom inal and verbal
en clitics/su ffixes. From the forms of such en clitics/su ffixes in each language we can predict that the possible types of third consonant would be:
N gW - / l y p g n y n n g m w / NgK - / t y p k g n n g w /
2.4 Morphophonological Processes
There are four m orphop hon ological processes operating in Ngan'gityemerri to avoid undesirable phonological patterns.
2.4.1 Triconsonant Cluster Reduction
In section 2.3 we discussed a small group of monosyllables having final C2C3 clusters, e.g purrk 'clap'. We noted that the reduplication of such syllables generates triconsonant-clusters of the form C1VC2C3C1VC2C3. The consonants that can theoretically fill the three positions in such clusters are: