Oferta pública. La oferta educativa en las zonas rurales

Most of the focus of non-government assistance is on a specific sector of activity, e.g., e-health or e-education for rural and poor people.

As noted in Section 5.1, the role of most of these agencies in universal access and service (UAS) development is one of applications development and user and institutional capacity building. Without these complementary and supportive activities, the benefits of having access to the Internet and to ICT services, which UAS programmes provide, would go largely unrealized.

Digital Freedom Initiative (www.dfi.gov)

The Digital Freedom Initiative (DFI) is a partnership among US federal agencies, industry, NGOs and universities. It aims to expand connectivity around the world, particularly by helping developing nations utilize ICTs for economic development and to broaden social and economic benefits. Areas of focus include:

■ Improved rural access to telecommunication services in rural and under-served areas;

■ Policy and regulatory reform, and technical assistance to support infrastructure investment;

■ The use of ICTs by small and medium-sized businesses;

■ Expand use of technology in health care, education, and for secure financial transactions;

■ More inter-regional commerce and export competitiveness through use of ICTs.

Recent DFI initiatives include a public-private partnership to bring telemedicine services to rural areas in Pakistan. Completed projects include: ICT skill training for private entities in Senegal; and, working with Intel, Cisco, Motorola, Voxiva and Hewlett Packard to supported Peru’s effort to extend Internet access to over 1,000 rural areas.

Grameen Foundation (www.grameenfoundation.org)

As described in Section 5.4.3, Grameen Foundation is a non-profit organization that combines microfinance, technology, and innovation to empower the world's poorest people to escape poverty. The organization was founded in 1997 by a group inspired by Dr. Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. The Foundation’s network of microfinance partners has impacted an estimated 16 million lives in 22 countries across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Middle East. Dr. Yunus is also a founding and current member of Grameen Foundation’s board of directors. In terms of support for ICT programmes, Grameen Foundation's Technology Center is involved with ICT initiatives that are dedicated exclusively to advancing microfinance. The Foundation focuses on increasing the efficiency of microfinance institutions' operations, creating new microbusiness opportunities for the poor and providing telecommunications access for the world's rural poor.

Building on the successful Grameen village phone programme in Bangladesh (see Section 3.3.1 for details), the Uganda village phone programme was created in cooperation with mobile operator MTN Uganda in 2003. In 2006, after a yearlong pilot project with 50 entrepreneurs, village phone Rwanda was created as a joint venture between Grameen Foundation and MTN Rwanda. Grameen Foundation has also partnered with Nokia to make a village phone equipment kit available for purchase in developing countries.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (www.gatesfoundation.org)

The foundation partners with select countries to provide free access to computers and the Internet in public libraries. Their strategy has three elements:

■ Identify country partners through extensive research—countries are invited to partner based on several criteria, including demonstrated need, the presence of a strong library system, necessary infrastructure (such as electricity and Internet capability), demonstrated commitment to public access to technology, and the potential for implementing and sustaining service.

■ Provide resources—these include resources for planning, hardware, training, advocacy, evaluation, technical support, and project management. Microsoft donates software if the country requests it. Each country is asked to commit to the programme as a full partner, requiring them to make a significant investment for infrastructure, librarian salaries, and Internet connectivity; and

■ Encourage sustainable programmes—the foundation works with grantees to develop library-based technology services that can be valued and supported for the long-term.

Grants include, but are not limited to, the following (examples only):

■ BiblioRedes: Abre tu Mundo – USD 10 million to provide more than 2,150 computers, Internet access, and training to 368 public libraries in Chile (2000-2004); this grant brought the percentage of public libraries with computers from 10 to 100 per cent;

■ Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes – USD 30 million to provide computers, Internet access, and training to approximately 2,400 libraries in Mexico (2002-2006); and

■ Latvia – USD16.2 million to connect 3,833 new computers in 874 public libraries to high-speed Internet, to expand access in rural Latvia, and for related training for 1,455 librarians.

Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) (www.akdn.org/agency/akfed_indpromo.html)

AKFED is mainly an investment fund dedicated to promoting entrepreneurship and building economically sound enterprises in the developing world and works with governments, international corporations, international financial institutions and donors to create solutions to

infrastructure needs, including power generation and telecommunications. AKFED has existed since 1960 and creates profitable companies in developing countries through long-term investments. Profits generated by the Fund are reinvested in other economic development initiatives under the AKFED umbrella.

AKFED operates as a network of affiliates with more than 90 separate project companies employing over 30,000 people, with annual revenues in excess of US$1.5 billion. The Fund is active in 16 countries in the developing world: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Kyrgyz Republic, Mali, Mozambique, Pakistan, Senegal, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania and Uganda.

AKFED’s initial involvement in building telecommunications infrastructure was in Indigo, a GSM operator in Tajikistan. In Afghanistan, AKFED determined that building communication infrastructure was critically important to the redevelopment of the country and formed the company Roshan, which was awarded the country’s second GSM license. Roshan has invested over USD 338 million in expanding its coverage.

Roshan directly employs over 900 people; indirectly, nearly 20,000 people are employed through distributors, contractors and suppliers.

Dhan Foundation (www.dhan.org)

Development of Humane Action (DHAN) Foundation was initiated in India in 1997. The Trust has the objective of bringing highly motivated and educated young women and men to the development sector. The Foundation works towards bringing significant changes in the livelihoods of the poor. The DHAN Foundation has taken up information technology for the poor as a new theme with the following objectives:

■ Making IT accessible to the poor by developing relevant programmes through research and pilot projects; and

■ Collaborating with research institutions on e-governance and computer education at schools in rural areas.

As part of the programme, Village Information Centres (VICs) in rural areas as well as urban slums are set up through which services such as computer education, e-mail, ePost, agricultural market intelligence, etc. are rendered. Computer aided adult literacy centres for the Kalanjiam and Vayalagam members and computer training centres for the children of members of Kalanjiam and Vayalagam are also set up through the programme. By the end of 2006, the Foundation was involved in IT activities in 162 villages in 11 districts.

One Lap-Top per Child (OLPC) initiative

Started in 2005 by faculty and researchers at MIT’s Media Lab, the One Lap-Top per Child (OLPC) initiative aims to provide children worldwide with new opportunities to explore, experiment and express themselves. The One Laptop Per Child Association is a non-profit organization set up to manage the creation of an affordable educational device for use in developing countries. OLPC is funded by a number of sponsor organizations, including AMD, Brightstar Corporation, eBay, Google, Marvell, News Corporation, SES, Nortel Networks, and Red Hat. Each company has donated two million dollars.

The OLPC Association’s XO laptop was designed to be flexible, low-cost, power-efficient and durable. It uses free and open-source software. The XO, originally intended to cost USD 100, ended up costing USD 188, mainly because little or no large quality purchases were forthcoming from governments as expected. The first production units were delivered in December 2007. In May 2008, a new design concept was revealed that eliminates the computer’s keyboard and is targeted to cost just USD 75 when it is released in 2010.

Eleven countries have participated in OLPC pilot projects. Countries participating in the project (not pilots) include Afghanistan, Cambodia,

Colombia, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mexico, Mongolia, Rwanda and the United States. Approximately 370,000 laptops had been shipped by July 2008.

In total, there have been over one million XOs either shipped or ordered.