Ofertas de Formación Agropecuaria

Librarians must be conscious of the many changes in both copyright and contract law and in the practices of contract formation that are becoming entrenched through strong efforts by the publishing industry. These can have and already are having sudden and creeping impact on libraries’ abilities to provide services through ILL. Though the copyright law offers general and specific exceptions in its fair use and library copying provisions, state laws in combination with the provisions of express and implied contracts can wipe away those protections. This is especially true as more states consider adopting UCITA, which allows enforcement of shrink-wrap and click-wrap type contracts.

Although they seldom target libraries, copyright holders have a right to sue or have criminal charges brought if they can argue that an organization or individual is infringing their copyrights. Vendors may also sue for breach of contract where a library or someone affiliated with the library may have used the resources beyond what the library’s contract terms permit.

Library professionals also need to raise awareness among staff and patrons to guard against either group’s acting to unintentionally bind the library, its patrons, the

umbrella institution, or all three to unacceptable contract terms. Many copyright holders and contract licensors are affiliated with powerful publishing organizations, and they have been known to make litigation examples of alleged copyright and contract violators. Academic library professionals also need to work together to educate themselves, and to educate lawmakers, the public, and the publishing industry, about their concerns. This should help encourage productive dialog and prevent reactive measures from reducing libraries to useless anachronisms. Librarians should also work together through library associations and other coalitions to form strategies to avoid being liable for infringement or having the libraries' hands tied to the point where they cannot effectively serve their patrons.

Both copyright law and electronic commerce law are in a state of constant flux as they attempt to keep up with quickly changing technologies. As recently as October 28, 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act amended and added several provisions to the Copyright Act. New bills are even now working their way toward Congressional

consideration. On the state level, the more ominous UCITA legislation has already been passed by Maryland and Virginia and is being considered by several other states.cxxi _In New York the state attorney general and other legislators have recognized the dangers UCITA presents to consumers and they prepared and introduced a draft bill that will protect New York State consumers from UCITA.cxxii The new bill, A07902, introduced into the N.Y. State Assembly on March 27, 2001, by Rep. Helene Weinstein, may be a good model for other states. It “[p]rovides that computer information transaction contracts shall be interpreted according to NYS law where at least one party to the contract is a NYS resident or has its principle place of business in NYS and may be

voidable by any party and unenforceable as against public policy.”cxxiii Iowa has already passed a law designed to protect its citizens from UCITA.cxxiv Library professionals must keep abreast of recent and proposed changes in the law and adjust their strategies and practices accordingly. Flexibility and fair, thorough analysis will go a long way toward making the case for less restrictive policies and rules.

ENDNOTES

i _{United States Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §107.}

ii _{See Alan Latman, THE COPYRIGHT LAW: HOWELL’S COPYRIGHT LAW REVISED AND THE 1976 ACT (5}th _ed. 1979) at 5-6 (citing Act of May 31, 1790, 1st _{Cong. 2d Sess., 1 Stat. 124).}

iii _{Id, § 302.} iv _{Id. § 109.}

Mary E. Jackson, Who Gets to Use What (And How All That Is Changing), 31 AMERICAN LIBRARIES 42 (2000).

v _{17 U.S.C. §109(b)(1)(A).}

vi _{MARY E. JACKSON, MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN OPERATIONS IN NORTH} AMERICAN RESEARCH AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES 25 (Association of Research Libraries, 1998).

vii _{DAVID ENSIGN, GROWING PAINS: ADAPTING COPYRIGHT FOR LIBRARIES, EDUCATION, AND SOCIETY 162} (Laura N. Gasaway ed., Fred B. Rothman & Co. 1997).

viii _{MARY E.JACKSON,MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN OPERATIONS IN NORTH} AMERICAN RESEARCH AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES 15(Association of Research Libraries, 1998).

ix _{MARYLYN M. ROCHE, ARL/RLG INTERLIBRRY LOAN COST STUDY: A JOINT EFFORT BY THE} ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES AND THE RESEARCH LIBRARIES GROUP 12 (1993)+.

x _{LUCRITIA W. MCCLURE, GROWING PAINS: ADAPTING COPYRIGHT FOR LIBRARIES, EDUCATION, AND} SOCIETY 177 (Laura N. Gasaway ed., Fred B. Rothman & Co. 1997).

xi _{See INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE: THE REPORT OF THE} WORKING GROUP ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (1995), at 88.

xii _{U.S. CONST., art. I,§ 8, cl. 8.} xiii _{17 U.S.C. §106.}

xiv _{See Alan Latman, THE COPYRIGHT LAW: HOWELL’S COPYRIGHT LAW REVISED AND THE 1976 ACT (5}th ed. 1979) at 5-7 (citing Act of May 31, 1790, 1st _{Cong. 2d Sess., 1 Stat. 124, and referencing the 1831 act).} xv _{Id. § 302.}

xvi _{See Laura N. Gasaway, When Works Pass Into the Public Domain, at} http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/public-d.htm, visited April 11, 2001. xvii _Id.

xviii _{See 17 U.S.C. §107.} xix _{17 U.S.C.§ 107.}

xx _{Basic Books, Inc., v. Kinko's Graphics Corp, 758 F. Supp. 1522 (S.D. N.Y. 1991).} xxi _{17 USC §107.}

xxii _{Basic Books, Inc., v. Kinko's Graphics Corp, 758 F. Supp. 1522 (S.D. N.Y. 1991).}

xxiii _{See American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, 60 F.3d 913 (2d. Cir), superseding 37 F.3d 881 (2nd Cir.} 1995).

xxiv _{American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, 60 F.3d 913 (2d. Cir), superseding 37 F.3d 881 (2nd Cir.} 1995).

xxv _{Id. 929.}

xxvi _{See American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, 60 F.3d 913 (2d. Cir), superseding 37 F.3d 881 (2nd Cir.} 1995).

xxvii _{See Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991).}

xxviii _{See Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp., 235 F.3d 18 (2000) (citing Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music).} xxix _{Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569 (1994).}

xxx _{Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569, 572 (1994).} xxxi _{Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569, 594 (1994).} xxxii _{Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569, 594 (1994).} xxxiii _{See 17 U.S.C. § 107-108.}

xxxiv _{Id. §108(a)(1).} xxxv _{Id. §108(a)(2).} xxxvi _{Id. § 108 (a)(3).}

xxxvii _{Id. § 108(c).}

xxxviii _{Id. § 108(d).} xxxix _{Id. § 108(e).} xl _{Id. § 108(f)(1).} xli _{Id. § 108(g)(1).} xlii _{Id. §108 (g)(2).} xliii _{Id. § 108(h).}

xliv _{U.S. CONST., art. I,§ 8.}

xlv _{See Reprint of CONTU Guidelineson Photocopying and Interlibrary Arrangements, REPRODUCTION OF} COPYRIGHTED WORKS BY EDUCATORS AND LIBRARIANS,

http://www.lawrence.edu/academics/it/copyright/circ21.html at 25, visited 4/13/01.

xlvi _{See Laura N. Gasaway and Sarah K. Wiant, LIBRARIES AND COPYRIGHT (1994 Special Libraries Assoc.)} xlvii _{See See Laura N. Gasaway, Values Conflict in the Digital Environment: Librarians Versus Copyright} Holders, 24 COLUMBIA-VLA JOURNAL OF LAW & THE ARTS 2 (1999), at note 162. See also, NATIONAL COMMISSION ON NEW TECHNOLOGICAL USES OF COPYRIGHTED WORKS,FINAL REPORT (1978).

xlviii _{See Reprint of CONTU Guidelineson Photocopying and Interlibrary Arrangements, REPRODUCTION} OF COPYRIGHTED WORKS BY EDUCATORS AND LIBRARIANS,

http://www.lawrence.edu/academics/it/copyright/circ21.html at 25, visited 4/13/01. xlix _{17 U.S.C. § 108(c).}

l _{LUCRITIA W.MCCLURE, GROWING PAINS:ADAPTING COPYRIGHT FOR LIBRARIES,EDUCATION, AND} SOCIETY 177 (Laura N. Gasaway ed., Fred B. Rothman & Co. 1997).

li _{Reprint of CONTU Guidelineson Photocopying and Interlibrary Arrangements, REPRODUCTION OF} COPYRIGHTED WORKS BY EDUCATORS AND LIBRARIANS,

http://www.lawrence.edu/academics/it/copyright/circ21.html at 25, visited 4/13/01..

lii _{See James S. Heller, The Impact of Recent Litigation on Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery, 88} LAW LIBRARY JOURNAL, 158 (1996).

liii _{See note from Professor Laura N. Gasaway, Director and Professor of Law, University of North} Carolina. On file with the author.

liv _{Id. Heller.}

lv _{See Gregory E. Koster, Introduction to Law Library Consortia: The State of the Art, 85 LAW LIBRARY} JOURNAL 763 (1993).

lvi _{Pamela Bluh, Acquisitions for a New Century, 88 LAW LIBRARY JOURNAL 90, 93.}

lvii _{DAVID ENSIGN, GROWING PAINS: ADAPTING COPYRIGHT FOR LIBRARIES, EDUCATION, AND SOCIETY} 160-167 (Laura N. Gasaway ed., Fred B. Rothman & Co. 1997).

lviii _{Id. 160-167.}

lix _{ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN PUBLISHERS, STATEMENT OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN PUBLISHERS} (AAP) ON COMMERCIAL AND FEE-BASED DOCUMENT DELIVERY 5 (1992).

lx _{Williams & Wilkins v. United States, 487 F.2d 1345 (Ct. Cl. 1973), aff'd 420 U.S. 376 (1975).} lxi _{Id. 1354.}

lxii _{Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States, 420 U.S. 376, 376 (1975).}

lxiii _{American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, 60 F.3d 913 (2d. Cir), superseding 37 F.3d 881 (2nd Cir.} 1995).

lxiv _{Id. 922, 926-931.} lxv _{17 U.S.C. § 1204(b)} lxvi _{See 17 U.S.C § 502-506.} lxvii _{18 U.S.C. § 2319.}

lxviii _{Id. § 506. See also 18 U.S.C § 3571.} lxix _{U.S. CONST. amend. XI.}

lxx _{See Laura N. Gasaway, Values Conflict in the Digital Environment: Librarians Versus Copyright} Holders, 24 COLUMBIA-VLA JOURNAL OF LAW & THE ARTS 2, 19.

lxxi _{See Janice M. Jauszewski; Laura K. Probst, The Impact of Electronic Resources on Serial Cancellations} and Remote Storage Decisions in Academic Research Libraries. 48 LIBRARY TRENDS 799 (2000).

lxxii _{See Laura N. Gasaway, Values Conflict in the Digital Environment: Librarians Versus Copyright} Holders, 24 COLUMBIA-VLA JOURNAL OF LAW & THE ARTS 2, 19.

lxxiii _{Batya Goodman, Honey I Shrink-Wrapped the Consumer: The Shrink-wrap Agreement as an Adhesion} Contract, 21 CARDOZO L. REV. 319, 321, 327-328.

lxxiv _{See Id. at 337.}

lxxv _{Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software, Ltd., 847 F.2d 255 (1988).} lxxvi _{Id. 270.}

lxxvii _{See Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology, 939 F.2d 91 (3d. Cir. 1991).} lxxviii _{Id. 105-106.}

lxxix _{Id. 106.}

lxxx _{Arizona Retail Systems, Inc. v. Software Link, Inc., 831 F. Supp. 759 (D. Ariz. 1993).} lxxxi _{Id. 764.}

lxxxii _{ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447 (7}th _{Cir 1996).} lxxxiii _{Id. 1148-1149.}

lxxxiv _{See Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991).} lxxxv _{Hill v. Gateway 2000, Inc., 105 F.3d 1147}

lxxxvi _{Id. at 1150.}

lxxxvii _{Hotmail Corp. v. Van$ Money Pie, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10729.} lxxxviii _{Id. 16.}

lxxxix _{Id. 16-17.} xc _Id.

xci _{See eBay v. Bidder’s Edge, Inc, 100 F. Supp. 2d 1058. See also Ticketmaster Corp. et al. v.} Tickets.com, Inc, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4553 (2000) (unreported).

xcii _{Ticketmaster Corp. et al. v. Tickets.com, Inc, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4553 (2000) (unreported).} xciii _{Id. at 10 (citing 17 U.S.C. § 301(a)).}

xciv _{Ticketmaster, infra at}

xcv _{See ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447 (7}th _{Cir 1996); Hill v. Gateway 200, Inc., 105 F.3d 1147} (7th _{Cir. 1997); Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4553 (C.D. Cal. 2000).} xcvi _{Carol Ebbinghouse, UCC2B: The Impact on Information Professionals. 6 SEARCHER 24 (1998).} xcvii _{UCITA, What You Should Know About the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, at} http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/ucita101.html, (courtesy of the American Library Association), visited 4/15/01.

xcviii _Id. xcix _{Id. 1.}

c _{The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws Drafts of Uniform and Model Acts} Official Site. http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/ulc/ulc.htm visited 4/16/2001.

ci _{Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act,}

http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/ulc/ucita/ucita92900.htm, visited 4/16/2001.

cii _{They include: American Library Association, American Association of Law Libraries, Association of} Research Libraries, Medical Library Association, Special Libraries Association. See joint letter, dated September 11, 20001 from the library associations to the FTC Commissioner, available at

http://www.arl.org/info/letters/FTC091100.html.

ciii _{UCITA, What You Should Know About the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, at} http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/ucita101.html, (courtesy of the American Library Association), visited 4/15/01.

civ _Id.

cv _{See Hotmail Corp. v. Van$ Money Pie, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10729. See also Ticketmaster Corp. v.} Tickets.com, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4553 (C.D. Cal. 2000).

cvi _{UCITA, What You Should Know About the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, at} http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/ucita101.html, (courtesy of the American Library Association), visited 4/15/01.

cvii _Id.

cviii _{Black’s Law Dictionary (6}th _{ed. West Publishing, 1990) at 1587.} cix _{Id. at 637.}

cx _{One-Pager on UCITA - Prudential / Principal Financial Group, available at} http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/prud.html, visited 4/19/01.

cxi _{UCITA, What You Should Know About the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, at} http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/ucita101.html, (courtesy of the American Library Association), visited 4/15/01.

cxii _Id.

cxiii _{Carol Ebbinghouse, UCC2B: The Impact on Information Professionals. 6 SEARCHER at 24.} cxiv _{Id. 24.}

cxv _{See Margret Johnson, UCITA on Legislative Agenda in Four States, available at} http://www.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/01/01/25/010125hnucita.xml, visited 4/19/01. cxvi _Id.

cxvii _{See HR 524, Electronic Commerce Enhancement Act of 2001, introduced in the Senate 2/14/2001.} cxviii _{See Electronic Commerce Enhancement Act of 2001, 107th CONGRESS, 1st Session H. R. 524,} directing the National Institute of Standards and Technology to assist small and medium-sized manufacturers and other such businesses to successfully integrate and utilize electronic commerce technologies and business practices. See also See N.Y.S. Assembly bill A07902 summary, available at http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=AO7902, an act to make all computer transaction contracts involving NYS residents subject to NY law. See also NY State Assembly bill A.7242, entitled “AN ACT to amend the executive law, in relation to discriminatory practices of publishers and manufacturers of instructional materials for students attending college.” Requiring publishers and manufacturers of instructional materials for students to provide electronic copies of such material for use by disabled persons. Available at

http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A07242.

cxix _{See THE CONFERENCE ON FAIR USE, FINAL REPORT TO THE COMMISSIONER ON THE CONCLUSION OF THE} CONFERENCE ON FAIR USE (Nov. 1998) at 19, available at

<http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/olia/confu/confurep.htm> (visited April 13, 2001). cxx _{See Gregory K. Klingsporn, The Conference on Fair Use (CONFU) and the Future of Fair Use} Guidelines. 23 COLUM. – VLA J. L. & ARTS 101, 102.

cxxi _{See Margret Johnson, supra.}

cxxii _{See email from Mary Alice Baish, Acting Washington Affairs Representative, American Association of} Law Libraries, to AALL-ADVOC listserv, forwarded to the author on 4/17/2001, on file with the author. cxxiii _{See N.Y.S. Assembly bill A07902 summary, available at http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=AO7902.} cxxiv _{UCITA SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIES AND HIGHER EDUCATION,} available at http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/ucitasum.html, visited 4/19/2001. See Iowa General Assembly bill, HB2205, as it was passed into law at

http://www.legis.state.ia.us/GA/78GA/Legislation/HF/02200/HF02205/Current.html, visited 4/22/2001. Section 554D.104 subsection 4 of HB 2205 makes choice of law provisions of any computer information transaction agreement voidable when the agreement involves a resident of Iowa and the choice of law provision seeks to subject that resident to the laws of a jurisdiction that has UCITA in force. But, that protective section of the law is scheduled to expire effective July 1, 2001.

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Hotmail Corp. v. Van$ Money Pie, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10729 (1998). Nunez v. Caribbean Int’l News Corp., 235 F.3d 18 (2000).

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Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology, 939 F.2d 91 (3d. Cir. 1991). Ticketmaster Corp. et al. v. Tickets.com, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4553 (2000). Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software, Ltd., 847 F.2d 255 (1988).

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In document Educación y calidad de vida en Argentina (1990 2010) (página 167-170)