Opción de disminuir el coeficiente de utilidad

The second part of Table 6.3 shows that home owners were less likely to report diagnosed heart disease than renters in each of the ethnic groups except the Pakistani or Bangladeshi group, although none of the differences shown are statistically significant.

Respondents aged 40 or more were also asked questions about the experience of chest pain. The first part of Table 6.4 shows that for all of the ethnic groups there was the expected relationship between occupational class and either having a diagnosis of heart disease or experiencing severe chest pain, although for the Pakistani or Bangladeshi group those in households without a full-time worker were less likely than those in manual households to

have reported one o f these indicators o f heart disease.

Table 6.4: Diagnosed heart disease^ or severe chest pain by socioeconomic position^

W hite" Indian or African Asian* Pakistani o r Bangladeshi" C aribbean Occupational class

Non-manual 8.3 6.9 9.8 8.7

Manual 10.6 11.3 27.1 11.3

No-full time worker

in household 19.4 17.2 23.6 12.3 Unweighted base 919 654 475 369 Tenure Owner occupier 10.8 10.7 23.3 11.0 Tenant 15.5 18.2 21.1 11.5 Unweighted base 939 680 514 374

Note 1 : In addition to ‘Heart Attack', the question wording added ‘including a heart murmur, a damaged heart or a rapid heart'. Note 2: Only those aged 40 or older are included here.

Note 3; p < 0.05 for tenure

Note 4: p < 0.01 for occupational class and p = 0.051 for tenure Note 5: p < 0.05 for occupational class

The second part of Table 6.4 confirms this overall impression. Home owners were less likely than those who rent to report either a diagnosis of heart disease or severe chest pain for all of the ethnic groups except the Pakistani or Bangladeshi group, although differences for Caribbean people were small.

Hypertension

Table 6.5 shows the relationship between socioeconomic position and reporting a diagnosis of hypertension. Although the first part of the table shows that for Indian or African Asian and white people those in households with no full-time worker were less likely than those in manual households to report such a diagnosis, and there was no difference between manual and non-manual Caribbean people, overall the expected inverse relationship between occupational class and a diagnosis of hypertension is present.

Table 6.5: Diagnosed hypertension by socioeconomic position

Cell percentages: age and gender standardised W h ite ' Indian o r African Aslan^ Pakistani o r B a n g la d e s h i Caribbean O ccupational class

Non-manual 8.0 4.3 5.8 14.7

Manual 11.6 9.0 9.5 14.8

No-full time worker

in household 10.6 7.9 11.3 17.7 Unweighted base 2111 1780 1591 1055 Tenure Owner occupier 9.5 6.2 8.9 13.9 Tenant 12.6 9.4 12.0 16.6 Unweighted base 2173 1846 1692 1072

Note 1 : p < 0.05 for both occupational class and tenure Note 2: p < 0.01 for occupational class and p < 0.05 for tenure Note 3: p < 0.05 for both occupational class and tenure

The relationship between socioeconomic position and likelihood to have reported a diagnosis o f hypertension for all ethnic groups is confirmed in the second part o f Table 6.5, although the difference within the Caribbean group was again not statistically significant.

Diabetes

Table 6.6 shows the relationship between having reported a diagnosis o f diabetes and occupational class and tenure. Although the relationship is not entirely consistent, the first part of the table does suggest that there is relationship between occupational class and such a diagnosis for all ethnic groups except, possibly, Caribbean people. This is confirmed in the tenure part of the table, which shows that for all except the Pakistani or Bangladeshi group, home-owners were less likely than renters to report a diagnosis of diabetes.

Respiratory disease

Half of the ethnic minority and all o f the white respondents were asked a number of questions about symptoms relating to respiratory disease. Table 6.7 shows the percentage of

respondents who reported that either they had a wheeze or that they had coughed up phlegm for at least three months of the year, by occupational class and tenure. Again, the table suggests a strong and significant relationship between socioeconomic position and respiratory symptoms, although it is not completely consistent in the occupational class part of the table.

Table 6.6: Diagnosed diabetes by socioeconomic position

White^ Indian o r African Asian^ Pakistani o r B angladeshi Caribbean^

O ccupational class

Non-manual 1.1 2.8 6.4 4.1

Manual 1.1 3.5 8.3 3.3

No-full time worker

2.1 7.1 7.6 4 5 in household Unweighted base 2111 1785 1593 1059 Tenure Owner occupier 1.1 3.7 7.6 2.5 Tenant 2.7 5.9 6.9 6.0 Unweighted base 2174 1851 1694 1076

Note 1 : p < 0.01 for tenure

Note 2; p < 0.01 for occupational class Note 3: p < 0.01 for tenure

Table 6.7: Wheezing or coughing up phlegm by socioeconomic position

Cell percentages: age and gender standardised

White^ Indian o r African Asian^ Pakistani o r Bangladeshi^ Caribbean*

Occupational class

Non-manual 23.3 12.8 13.1 16.3

Manual 23.2 12.7 12.0 27.6

No-full time worker

35.1 17.5 20.0 26.2 in household Unweighted base 2113 872 780 534 Tenure Owner occupier 24.3 11.9 15.9 20.8 Tenant 31.8 23.7 20.5 26.6 Unweighted base 2176 910 836 546

Note 1 : p < 0.01 for both occupational class and tenure Note 2: p < 0.01 for tenure

Note 3: p < 0.05 for occupational class Note 4: p < 0.05 for occupational class

Smoking

Table 6.8 shows the relationship between current regular smoking and occupational class and tenure for each ethnic group. The first part of the table shows that those with no full-time worker in the home were more likely than those in manual homes to smoke, and that those in non-manual homes were the least likely to smoke, although the relationship is not entirely consistent for the two South Asian groups.

Table 6.8: Currently smoke regularly^ by socioeconomic position

White^ Indian o r A frican Asian^ Pakistani o r Bangladeshi* Caribbean*

O ccupational class

Non-manual 21.3 8.8 15.8 24.3

Manual 33.2 8.1 18.3 30.2

No-full time worker

in household 46.2 18.7 18.1 39.4 Unweighted base 2113 872 780 534 Tenure Owner occupier 23.9 7.8 14.1 21.1 Tenant 45.1 18.3 24.5 40.9 Unweighted base 2176 910 836 546

Note 1 : Regular is more than one a day.

Note 2: p < 0.01 for both occupational class and tenure Note 3: p < 0.01 for both occupational class and tenure Note 4: p < 0.01 for tenure