OPERACIONES DE ACTIVO 1 Préstamos hipotecarios

Wei Chen

School of Management, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: [email protected]

Wenpu Wang

School of Business, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The sustainable development of ecotourism is the inevitable choice and developing direction for China’s tourist industry. Based on profoundly analyzing the actuality and problems of the sustainable development of China’s ecotourism, according to the developing directions of economy, society, science and technology, culture and tourist industry, this article brings forward the concrete strategies to perfect the sustainable development of China’s ecotourism.

Keywords: Ecotourism, Sustainable development, Tourist industry, Environment protection, Strategy 1. Introduction

Ecotourism is the flushest industry with the quickest developing speed and new tourist economic growth point in the world, which naissance has a close relation with the universal recognitions of human society to the quality of environment, the objective requirements of sustainable development of tourist industry and theoretical research of ecology (Song, 2003, pp.55-59). The idea of sustainable development is brought forward under the people’s self-examinations to such problems as population, energy, resources and environment etc., which final goal is to realize the sustaining and stable development of society, economy, resources and environment. Therefore, the development of ecotourism and the implementation of sustainable development strategy have common springboard, and both optimal combination is to realize the sustainable development of ecotourism.

Instructed by the ecology theory, the sustainable development of ecotourism is a tourist activity which is responsible for environment and to develop tourist resources reasonably, orderly and scientifically (Lu and Wang, 2001, pp.213). Based on the uniform benefits of economy, society and environmental ecology, its core idea is to fulfill people’s requirements of tourist, protect tourist resources and tourist environment, ensure later generations share coequal opportunities and rights of tourist development and realize harmonious development of tourist industry together with society, resources and environment.

At the beginning of 1990s, ecotourism began to rise and took on well developing situation in China. But because of its short history of naissance and development, the relative establishment of legal system, theoretical research, managing system and people’s cognitions and concepts relatively dropped behind, and there appeared some serious problems and negative influences. Therefore, from the view of social and historical development, it has very important practical meanings to deeply study and establish the sustainable development strategies of ecotourism. 2. The actuality and problems of the sustainable development of China’s ecotourism

Though China’s ecotourism starts late than some countries with developed tourist industry in the world, its developing tendency is very swift, that mainly profits from the existing good conditions such as abundant ecotourism resources, tremendous consumer market, sustaining increase of requirements on ecotourism and recognitions of all levels governments. At present, the building engineering of the sample area of national ecotourism has been completely started, and many ecotourism zones such as forest park, natural ecotourism resources, landscape and famous scenery, nature reserve and natural wetland reserves have been opened. Besides, the forms of ecotourism have been developed from original natural sights to half-artificial ecological sights, the tourist objects include ocean, hilly country, desert, grassland, glacier, nature reserve and country field landscape etc., and the diversification situation of tourist forms has come into being which includes visiting, viewing, scientific investigation, exploration, hunting, fishing, field picking and topic activity of eco-agriculture etc. (Liang, 2006, pp.72-74).

rest on the elementary level of tourist exploitation mode in developing nations at the present stage, and people are short of scientific understanding to the relation of tourist and environment. The development of ecotourism still rest on the elementary stage and many problems exist in the process of the sustainable development of ecotourism. 2.1 Lacking in the right comprehension to the sustainable development of ecotourism

Decision-makers, layout designers and managers of ecotourism always don’t pay enough attention to the integrative consideration and serious thinking of ecology and environment protection. Many tourists are short of the understandings to ecological and environmental knowledge, the good consciousnesses of environment protection in the process of ecotourism, which take ecotourism be equal to traditional tour or natural tour. In fact, the real ecotourism is to take ecological protection as precondition, take the popularization of environmental education and natural knowledge as core contents, and make more people further aroused their nice feelings of loving nature, enhance their consciousnesses of environment protection when they enjoy and experience glory and graceful natural scenes and taste returning to nature (Chen, 2006, p.84). Just because of the inapplicable concepts and inadequate cognitions, the meanings and functions of the sustainable development of ecotourism has not fully been embodied. 2.2 Blindly developing and utilizing resources and lacking in the uniform programming

When many local governments develop ecotourism resources, they always lack in deep investigations and full-scale scientific demonstrations, assessments and layouts, or though they establish the tour layouts, but the layouts are not performed well in the practice. And to blindly develop, to be eager for quick success and instant benefit, to emphasize development and to despise protection in the exploitation all induce damages and wastes of many irreproducible and precious tour resources (Zhao, 2006). In addition, some layouts in some areas are established by investors who always start from the authorized rights or the benefits of their own departments or enterprises and don’t organically combine the environmental, social and economic profits to perform the layout.

2.3 Tourists are seriously superfluous and overstep the ecological enduring capability of the landscape

The idea of emphasizing development but despising protection always makes the development businessmen establish the economical targets and restrict the amounts of the tourist without thinking about the ecological enduring capability. It induces the direct threats to the ecological environment of landscape. These threats include seriously superfluous tourists in nature reserve and landscape and famous scenery etc. in the midseason of tour, and solid wastes, water pollution, air influences and noise brought by tourists. This not only influences the tour quality, but also seriously destroys the brittle ecological environment of precious reserve. When a great deal tourists swarm into the reserve, the excessive tramples and leaving around various garbage such as plastic bottles, plastic bags and pop cans etc., and the living sewages let by the tourist industry, all induce the interferences and damages to the environment of tour zone and wildlife.

2.4 Legal system is unsound and the management is not normative

There is still not a special law about ecotourism in China, though in practice, it can refer to some items in the relative laws but which always are short of pertinence and veracity, and strict bylaws and effective supervising mechanism in the microcosmic management. The managing level of many ecotourism areas is very low, the relations among rights, responsibility and benefit are not treated well in many charging departments, and the phenomenon of multi-ply management is serious. At the same time, in the managing group of ecotourism, many personnel without systematic trainings of professional knowledge only depend on the method of general administration management to manage ecotourism. When this tour resource is developed in many areas, many wild animals suffer abuse catch and killing because of unsound management and weak law enforcement. Adding the drive of economic benefits, this managing mechanism make the uniform layout and management become difficult and can not ensure the sustainable development of ecotourism from the system.

2.5 Serious pollution and damage of environment in tour areas

According to the investigation, the water quality, air, soil and vegetation of vast majority of tour landscapes in China have been polluted and damaged to some different extent, noise and soot have also exceed the stated standards, and over standard of harmful substance and acid rain in the atmosphere are prevalent at present. At the same time, some tourists’ bad living habits work the tremendous increase of living sewage, garbage, waste residue and rubbish in the landscape (Liang, 2006, pp.72-74). These reasons all induce the decline of environmental quality and tour value in the tour areas.

To pursue unilateral economic benefits, some tour areas build many artificial houses and architectures in the interior of the landscape and damage the integrated and harmonious characteristics of the landscape. At last, the flooding of artificial landscape and establishment and the sameness of landscape become very serious. Simultaneously, the environmental pollution and the invading of exotic species also threaten the diversity of the biology in the ecological

area and induce the local rare species are in severe danger. And the commercial development and exterior people and cultures will all bring large impacts to the special culture and traditional custom in the tour areas.

3. The main strategies of the sustainable development of China’s ecotourism 3.1 Essential premise: perfecting the relative legal system of ecotourism

The actual China laws including “Regulations for Nature Reserves”, “Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China”, “Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China” etc. can not fulfilled the requirements of rapid development in ecotourism industry (Song, 2003, pp.55-59). To realize the sustainable development of ecotourism, it must establish the law system and standards of ecotourism. It should combine the domestic actuality, take foreign experiences as references, and quicken to establish relative laws such as “Law of Ecotourism” and its relative detailed rules about implementing, “Quality Grade Standard of Ecotourism Area” and its implementing detailed rules, “General Rules of Layout in Ecotourism Area”, “Byelaw of Resources management” and “Behavior Criterion and Standard of Ecotourism” etc. At the same time, it should synthetically consider the ownership, management right, development using right of ecotourism resources, establish the system of using with compensation, synthetically using, constitute special tour enforcement organization and enforcement contingent which charge in the drumbeating of legal system and enforcement check to ecotourism, and thereby make the decision-making, layout, design, development, using and tour behavior in ecotourism have laws to go by and have regulations to abide by.

3.2 Important guarantee: establishing the management system of ecotourism

The healthy management system of ecotourism is the important guarantee to the sustainable development of ecotourism. Therefore, it firstly should adjust the present management system, tidy up relations among administration management, industry management and ecology management and setup harmony organization and comprehensive management organization of ecotourism sustainable development in term of the principles of reasonable setting and scientific management. Secondly, it should constitute supervising management mechanism, definitely delimit the responsibility and purview of resources managing department, environmental protection department and tour administration department, in particular, it should strengthen the relations and cooperation among different departments (Luo, 2002, pp.78). At last, the governing department should seriously perform the functions of order management to ecotourism and resources protection, strictly examine and approve the construction of ecotourism item in the nature reserves and special culture and society areas, quicken the structure adjustment and reasonable development of tourist industry, and try to ensure the capital sources of the sustainable development of ecotourism through multiform financing methods such as domestic and foreign loans, foreign investment, project financing, international donation and personal investment and so on.

3.3 Necessary foundation: establishing scientific building layout of ecotourism

The scientific building layout of ecotourism can avoid the blind exploitation and unrestricted development, and it is the necessary foundation for the sustainable development of ecotourism. Therefore, firstly, when we workout the general layout of tour area, we must seriously investigate various resources which come down to the environmental quality such as geological resources and biological resources (Zhao, 2006), scientifically measure the ecological and environmental bearing capability of tour area, develop tourist industry in the permissive frame of ecological bearing capability (Zhou and Wang, 2007, pp.51), and confirm the boundary of ecotourism area and the limiting range of the ecotourism activities. Secondly, according to the layout, we should confirm the object and scale of development, development position, space conformation, basic establishment, tour lines, consumer flow and capability and time and fashion of tourism etc. At last, to ensure the high quality of ecotourism environment, the relative construction in tour area must develop moderately, orderly and from different layer, and every project must evaluate its environmental influences, and strictly control the scale, amount, material, sculpt and style of the service establishment from the view of ecology.

3.4 Objective requirement: strengthen the ecological consciousness and ecological protection education

At present, the sustainable development of ecotourism has not completely been cogitated and understood by peoples. Therefore, firstly, we should perform drumbeating and education to tour developers and managers, and make them realize the essence of ecotourism in deed and establish the concepts of ecotourism. Secondly, the ecological education and ecological moral education should be brought into the national education plan (Liang, 2006, pp.72-74). Some ecological education should be often developed in the whole society through the methods such as press drumbeating and subject lecture. In tour area, it can propagandize natural scientific knowledge through such activities as launching hobbledehoy green camp, providing garbage bags and organizing citizens foster viewing trees to enhance the tourists’ consciousnesses of environmental protection (Tu, Hou and Zhao, 2002, pp.40), and finally make maintaining the sustainable development of ecology become people’s conscious behaviors and ethics. Thirdly,

it should actively foster and introduce a great deal of professionals in the ecotourism aspect, strengthen the researches about the ecotourism theory and layout, for offering talents guarantee to realize the sustainable development of tourism. At last, the ecotourism area should enrich the cicerones’ ecological knowledge and make them become the active propagandists of ecological protection who can perform vivid and vigorous environmental educations to tourists in the process of tour.

3.5 Persistent impetus: ensuring the reasonable economic benefits of relative principle parts

When protecting natural environment, the sustainable development of ecotourism must attach importance to the reasonable economic benefits and promoting the economic development in the local communities, especially enhancing the local income level and increasing protection capitals (Luo, 2002, pp.78), which is the persistent impetus to realize the sustainable development of ecotourism. Therefore, every project of ecotourism must perform investment analysis of feasibility, which includes not only the propulsive and negative influences to natural environment and social cultures, but also the development cost and marketable foreground of the ecotourism project, and measure the economical, social and environmental benefits possibly brought by the project of ecotourism. At the same time, it must establish reasonable distribution mechanism of benefits to make the enterprises which develop ecotourism obtain corresponding returns, think much of the benefits distribution of local communities and the increase of the protection capitals, especially bring along the development of local economy and increase the denizens’ income through developing ecotourism, consequently offer persistent impetus for the sustainable development of ecotourism.

3.6 Eternal pledge: establishing the sustainable development culture of ecotourism

Ecological consciousness is the comprehensive reflection of the values and moral outlook in the period of ecological civilization. The sustainable development of ecotourism should depend on the tourists and managers to transit their traditional tour concepts, establish brand-new values, world outlook, philosophy and scientific tour outlook, which all has relate to some cultural backgrounds. Only under the supports of proper culture and philosophy backgrounds, the sustainable development can become people’s self-conscious behavior fashion. To implement the sustainable development strategies of ecotourism, the all-important thing is to change traditional culture and establish the idea of the sustainable development to offer theoretic support and practice for the sustainable development of ecotourism, and make ecological conscience, ecological justice and ecological obligation become people’s self-conscious behaviors and ethics, effectively depress the destroying actions to zoology and ensure the sustainable exploitation and development of ecotourism.

3.7 Important measure: enhancing the scientific content of sustainable development of ecotourism

Now the scientific foundation of ecotourism is instable in China, in the mass which is still in the development mode with high speed but low quality. To implement the sustainable development, firstly, it must possess the concepts of scientific innovation, carry out the strategies of scientific innovation to various layers of the development of ecotourism in deed, and increase the investment of science and technology to ecotourism. Secondly, it should spread mature advanced technologies such as the technology of electronic information, the technology of cleanness, the technology of repair and the technology of assessment etc., and strengthen the cooperation with domestic and foreign units of science and technology to perform theoretic and applicable researches aiming at some important problems such as the sustainable using and development to the present ecotourism resources. At last, it should establish the assistant system with expert layout and instruction of ecotourism, strengthen the associations between ecotourism area and research organization of ecotourism and between management department of ecotourism and research organization, and promote the technological and management innovation of ecotourism.

4. Conclusions

Nowadays, the sustainable development has become the important strategy to harmonize the relations among population, resources, environment and economy for every country in the world. The sustainable development of ecotourism is the outcome of this idea, which core is to harmonize the relations among ecological environment of tour area, community and denizens of tour area and tourists, realize the stabilization, harmoniousness, sustainable development for tourist industry and unisonous development of environment and human-beings.

Based on the actual situation and international direction, China selects and implements the sustainable development strategy of ecotourism. At present, we should adequately recognize the situation, positively discover problems and adopt accurate replying measures. Through a series of effective measures such as highly noticing, positively participating, perfecting system, reasonable layout and strengthening management etc. in the whole society, the sustainable development of ecotourism must be realized in deed.

References

Chen, Lingling. (2006). A Study on Status Quo and Strategy of China’s Ecoturism. Jiangsu Business Forum. No.158 (9). p.84.

Liang, Xinwu. (2006). On Sustainable Development of China’s Ecotourism. Policy-making Consultancy Reportage. No.73 (3). pp.72-74.

Luo, Mingyi. (2002). Sustainable Development of Ecotourism: Commentary on Asia-Pacific Conference at Ministerial Level. Tourism Tribune. No.17 (3). p.78.

Lu, Yunting and Wang, Jianjun. (2001). Ecotourism. Beijing: Tour Education Press. p.213.

Song, Weiliang. (2003). Ecotourism: the Main Orientation of Sustainable Development of China’s Tourism. Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law. No.139 (4). pp.55-59.

Tu, Xiangbo, Hou, Lichen and Zhao, Li. (2002). Analysis of Countermeasures on the Sustainable Development of Ecotourism. Environmental Protection Science. No.113 (28). p.40.

Zhao, Chunyu. (2006). Analysis of Sustained Growth of Ecological Tourism. Journal of Harbin University of Commerce. No. 90 (5). p.87.

Zhao, Zongbiao. (2006). Probing into the Problems of Sustainable Development of China’s Ecotourism. Economist. No.208 (6). p.149.

Zhou, Xianghong & Wang, Lei. (2007). Revelations of Sustainable Development Practices on Ecotourism in Canada.