La Ordenación y Zonificación del Área de la RFA – Objeto de Estudio

The environmentally friendly methods described in this paper would all be applicable in the treatment of equipment such as mussel farm floats and rope, with the preferred method selected based on cost, practicality and other constraints. Natural air drying is particularly appealing, but for equipment such as rope stored in bags, may require exposure times of weeks to months to ensure effective treatment. Developing a method for eradication of Undaria from mussel seed-stock is more problematical because of the paramount importance of identifying treatment conditions that do not compromise mussel health. Freshwater immersion has the greatest potential as a simple, low-cost method that can be applied for this purpose, although the need to maintain negligible salinity levels in the treatment water introduces logistic constraints at a field scale. It may be feasible to develop methods for seed-stock based on heat treatment, but this is likely to involve greater costs than freshwater immersion, and requires field validation to confirm both the efficacy against Undaria and to identify a method of implementation that ensures mussel survival is not compromised. A useful direction for further research would be to also consider the efficacy of these methods against other bio-fouling pests. While Undaria is of direct interest as a pest organism, and provides a useful model to explore some of the issues that arise in the development of treatment

6.6 REFERENCES

Allison PD. 1999. Logistic regression using the SAS system: theory and application. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. 304p

Battershill C, Miller K, Cole R. 1998. The understorey of marine invasions. Seafood New Zealand March 1998, p 31-33

Berger VJ, Kharazova AD. 1997. Mechanisms of salinity adaptation in marine molluscs. Hydrobiologia 355: 115-126

Boudouresque CF, Gerbal M, Knoepffler-Peguy M, 1985. L’algue japonaise Undaria

pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) en Méditerranée. Phycologia 24: 364-

366

Brown MT, Lamare MD. 1994. The distribution of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar within Timaru Harbour, New Zealand. Jap. J. Phycol. 42: 63-70

Burridge TR, Gorski J. 1998. The use of biocidal agents as potential control mechanisms for the exotic kelp Undaria pinnatifida. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests, Technical Report 16. CSIRO, Australia. 27p

Casas GN, Piriz ML. 1996. Surveys of Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in Golfo Nuevo, Argentina. Hydrobiologia 326/327: 213-215

Davenport J. 1979. The isolation response of mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) exposed to falling seawater concentrations. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 59: 123-132

Edwards WJ, Babcock-Jackson L, Culver DA. 2002. Field testing of protocols to prevent the spread of Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorpha during fish hatchery and aquaculture activities. N. Amer. J. Aquaculture 64: 220-223

Fletcher RL, Manfredi C. 1995. The occurrence of Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) on the South Coast of England. Bot. Mar. 38: 355-358

Fletcher RL, Farrell P. 1999. Introduced brown algae in the northeast Atlantic, with particular respect to Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar. Helg. Meer. 52: 259- 275

Floc'h J, Pajot R, Mouret V. 1996. Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) 12 years after its introduction into the Atlantic Ocean. Hydrobiologia 326/327: 217- 222

spread of the Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida via marine farming activities. Cawthron Report 773, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. 38p plus appendices

Forrest BM, Brown SN, Taylor MD, Hurd CL, Hay CH. 2000. The role of natural dispersal mechanisms in the spread of Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta). Phycologia 39: 547-553

Forrest BM, Taylor MD. 2002. Assessing invasion impact: survey design considerations and implications for management of an invasive marine plant. Biol. Invasions 4: 375-386

Gibbs W, Hay CH, Dodgshun TJ. 1998. A manual for culturing Wakame (Undaria

pinnatifida): 2. Plantlets. Cawthron Report 441, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New

Zealand. 23p

Guderley H, Demers A, Couture P. 1994. Acclimatization of Blue Mussels (Mytilus

edulis, Linnaeus, 1758) to intertidal conditions: effects on mortality and gaping

during air exposure. J. Shell. Res. 13: 379-385

Gunthorpe L, Mercer J, Rees C, Theodoropoulos T. 2001. Best practices for the sterilisation of aquaculture farming equipment: a case study for mussel ropes. Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute Report 41, Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute, Queenscliff, Australia. 48p

Hay CH. 1990. The dispersal of sporophytes of Undaria pinnatifida by coastal shipping in New Zealand, and implications for further dispersal of Undaria in France. Brit. Phycol. J. 25: 301-313

Hay CH, Villouta E. 1993. Seasonality of the adventive Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida in New Zealand. Bot. Mar. 36: 461-476

Jeffs AG, Holland RC, Hooker SH, Hayden BJ. 1999. Overview and bibliography of research on the Greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, from New Zealand waters. J. Shell. Res. 18: 347-360

McEnnulty FR, Bax NJ, Schaffelke B, Campbell ML. 2001. A review of rapid response options for the control of ABWMAC listed introduced marine pest species and

Mountfort DO, Hay C, Taylor M, Buchanan S, Gibbs W. 1999. Heat treatment of ships’ ballast water: development and application of a model based on laboratory studies. J. Mar. Env. Eng. 5: 193-206

Perez R, Lee JY, Juge C. 1981. Observations sur la biologie de l'algue japonaise

Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar introduite accidentellement dans l'Etang de

Thau. Science et Pêche 315: 1-12

Rajagopal S, Venugopalan VP, Azariah J, Nair KVK. 1995. Response of the Green Mussel Perna viridis (L.) to heat treatment in relation to power plant biofouling control. Biofouling 8: 313-330

Saito Y. 1962. Fundamental studies on the propagation of Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Sur. Contributions of the Fisheries Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture University of Tokyo 3: 1-101

Sanderson JC. 1997. Survey of Undaria pinnatifida in Tasmanian coastal waters, January-February 1997. Draft report prepared for Tasmanian Department of Marine Resources

Sanderson JC, Barrett N. 1989. A survey of the distribution of the introduced Japanese macroalga Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar in Tasmania, December 1988. Technical Report 38, Tasmania Department of Sea Fisheries. 35p

Sanderson JC, Blackburn S. 1994. Resistance of spores and gametophytes of Undaria

pinnatifida to desiccation and immersion in seawater of varying salinities,

freshwater and sewage. Collaborative Report between Marine Environmental Systems and CSIRO Marine Laboratories, Hobart

Sant N, Delgado O, Rodriguez-Prieto C, Ballesteros E. 1996. The spreading of the introduced seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh in the Mediterranean Sea: testing the boat transportation hypothesis. Bot. Mar. 39: 427-430

Schaffelke B, Deane D. 2005. Dessication tolerance of the introduced marine green alga

Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides – clues for likely transport vectors. Biological

Invasions 7: 557-565

Sinner J, Forrest BM, Taylor MD. 2000. A strategy for managing the Asian kelp

Undaria: final report. Cawthron Report 578, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New

in Otago Harbour, New Zealand. PhD Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 184p

Systat. 1999. SYSTAT 9.0 for Windows. SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA

Walker DI, Kendrick GA. 1998. Threats to macroalgal diversity: marine habitat destruction and fragmentation, pollution and introduced species. Bot. Mar. 41: 105-112

Webb VL, Allen SE. 2001. Efficacy of hot water treatments against the gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida. NIWA client report WLG 01/23, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand. 7p

Wotton DM, O’Brien C, Stuart MD, Fergus DJ. 2004. Eradication success down under: heat treatment of a sunken trawler to kill the invasive seaweed Undaria