11.1 Background
The availability of employment opportunities is crucial for fulfilling the aspirations of SC/ST Students after attaining their chosen educational qualifications / standards. In this context the role of employers/ establishments either government or non-government or private is of paramount importance. Hence an attempt has been made to contact the employers and obtain the information / views regarding nature of the establishments, type of activities carried out by them, type of ownership of the establishments, method of recruitment and the criteria followed by them, the emoluments that they offer for persons with different qualifications, capability of SC, ST students. the existence of reservation quota in their establishments, opinion on reservations, creamy layer concept and opportunities available for promotion and suggestion for the improvement of career perception / opportunities of SC, ST students.
11.2 Establishments
The details of registration, activities carried out, method of recruitment criteria followed for recruitment etc have been studied and the findings have been narrated in the following paragraphs.
11.2.1 Registration
The broad details of registration have been obtained for each of the units contacted. The majority of the establishments, about 70 percent, contacted / visited were belonging to the organised sector i.e, registered under Companies Act and Factories Act. Nearly one fifth of the establishments contacted were not registered and belonged to the unorganized sector. A little less than one tenth were the societies. More or less same pattern was obtained in all the states except West Bengal where about 50 percent of the units contacted were the non-registered ones. The state-wise analysis is indicated in the table below.
Figs in % with in State
11.1 : Distribution of Establishments by Type of Registration Percentage of Establishments
Type of Registration Delhi Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat West Bengal Total Companies Act 55.00 60.00 70.00 65.00 40.00 58.00 Factories Act 30.00 5.00 5.00 15.00 5.00 12.00 Registration of Societies Act 0.00 15.00 15.00 0.00 5.00 7.00 No- registration 15.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 50.00 23.00
11.2.2 Activities
The major activity of the units contacted have been obtained and the same have been consolidated. . About 60 percent of the establishments contacted were engaged manufacturing and marketing. The details of percentages of units contacted groups as per their major activity and the states in which they are situated are given in the table below
Figs in % with in State
11.2 : Distribution of Establishments by Activities Percentage of Establishments Activities Delhi Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat West Bengal Total Manufacturing 65.00 15.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 28.00 Marketing 0.00 50.00 25.00 40.00 50.00 33.00 Construction 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 Service 5.00 20.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 20.00 Agro-processing 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 Others 20.00 10.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 15.00 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 11.2.3 Ownership of Establishment
A little more than 50 percent of the companies contacted were companies either public limited or private limited. The distribution of the establishments contacted by ownership of Establishment is given in the table below.
Figs in % with in State
11.3 : Distribution of Establishment Ownership Percentage of Establishments
Ownership Delhi Uttar
Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat West Bengal Total State Govt. 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.17 Other Public bodies 0.00 15.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 Public Ltd. Company 35.00 40.00 10.00 25.00 10.00 24.17 Pvt. Ltd. Companies 45.00 25.00 55.00 35.00 10.00 29.17 Proprietor ship 0.00 5.00 35.00 30.00 60.00 29.17
Others 20.00 5.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 8.33
Centre for Research, Planning and Action, New Delhi
94 11.3 Recruitments
An enquiry had been made with the authorities of the establishment about the methods of recruitment and the major criteria adopted for recruitment and the responses received have been discussed in the following paragraphs.
11.3.1 Methods of Recruitment
The enquiry about the method of recruitment in the establishments contacted revealed that about 40 percent of them were resorting to advertisements for recruiting the staff, about one fourth of them recruit through campus selection. Placements agencies and contacts contribute 15 percent each in the case of recruitment of staff. The over all picture about method of recruitment can be had in the table below
Figs in % with in State
11.4 : Distribution of Establishments by Methods of Recruitment Percentage of Establishments
Method of Selection Delhi Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat West Bengal Total Campus Selection 5.00 60.00 20.00 30.00 5.00 24.00 Advertisements. 65.00 15.00 55.00 25.00 40.00 40.00 Placement agencies 15.00 5.00 10.00 25.00 15.00 14.00 Contacts 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 35.00 15.00 Others 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 7.00 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
11.3.2 Major Criteria adopted
It had been further probed to know the major criteria adopted by the establishments in selection the candidates for the jobs. A little more than half of the establishments have indicated that they look for the understanding of the subject concerned. A little more than one fifth decide based upon the marks obtained by the candidates in the qualifying examinations. A little less than one fifth appoint a candidate taking his personality into consideration. The percentage distribution of the Establishments as per major criteria adopted for recruitment could be seen in the table below.
Figs in % with in State
11.5: Distribution of Establishments by Major Criteria Adopted for Recruitment
Percentage of Establishments Major criteria for selection Delhi Uttar
Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat West Bengal Total Candidates Understanding of the subject 65.00 60.00 40.00 50.00 45.00 52.00
Percentage of mark obtained in the final exam
10.00 25.00 30.00 30.00 15.00 22.00
Personality 25.00 5.00 20.00 10.00 30.00 18.00
Other 0.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 8.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
11.3.3 Emoluments
Attempts had been made to assess the approximate monthly remuneration being paid by the selected establishments at the start of the career of persons with different subject background and the findings are given below
For post graduates in Arts
About half of the employers had indicated that they pay Rs 5000 to 10000 per month for post graduates in Arts, about 30 percent employers pay these persons between Rs. 10000 and 15000. 15 percent of the employers pay above Rs. 15000 per month. The situation in different states could be had in the table below.
Figs in % with in State
11.6 : Distribution of Establishments by Approx. Monthly Emoluments at the Start for Post Graduates in Arts
Percentage of Establishments Emoluments
p.m.(Rs.) Delhi U.P. Tamil
Nadu Gujarat West Bengal Total Below 5000 5.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 7.00 5000 to less than 10000 35.00 45.00 55.00 50.00 60.00 49.00 10000 to less than 15000 40.00 30.00 25.00 30.00 20.00 29.00 15000 and above 20.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 15.00 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
For Post-Graduates in Science
The Science Post graduates seems to be getting more than a post graduates in Arts. About 45 percent of the employers had said that they are paying the science post graduates an
Centre for Research, Planning and Action, New Delhi
96