ORGANIZACIÓN Y CONTROL

First Aorist Active and Middle Imperative

νίψον ἀνόμημα μὴ μόνᾱν ὄψιν (Wash off your sin, not only your face)

—palindrome on a font in the cathedral of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul Lessons 18 and 19 introduce you to the third principal part of Greek verbs.

The stem supplied by this principal part is used to form the aorist tense in the active and middle voices. A different stem (supplied by the sixth principal part) is used to form the aorist passive. (Compare the similar situation with the second principal part, which supplies the stem for future active and middle, but not for future passive.) Until you have learned the sixth principal part (Lesson 27), you will not be asked to put any verbs into the aorist passive.

Aoristic Aspect. You have already encountered the term aoristic in connection with the aspect of a verb. An aoristic action is one that the speaker perceives not as an activity continuing over time, but as a mere occurrence or event. It may happen in the present, past, or future. Since the aoristic aspect does not specify whether the action is/was/will be prolonged, repeated, or finished, the name ἀόριστος, “undefined” (ἀ-privative + ὁρίζω

“mark a boundary” or “define”), is appropriate.

Like the imperfect tense, the aorist tense shows an action that occurred in the past, but the aspect of that action is aoristic, not imperfective. Thus more precise names for the imperfect tense and the aorist tense would be past imperfective and past aoristic. Like the imperfect, the aorist is a secondary tense; it therefore has secondary endings and an augment.

First (Sigmatic) Aorist. The majority of Greek verbs have what is called a first aorist (otherwise known as a sigmatic aorist or a weak aorist); some Greek verbs have what is called a second aorist (otherwise known as an asigmatic aorist or a strong aorist). A few Greek verbs have both a first aorist and a second aorist. The verbs presented in this lesson all have first aorists; the verbs presented in Lesson 19 have second aorists or both first and second aorists.

108.

109.

From Alpha to Omega 108 •

Here is the paradigm of παιδεύω in the first aorist, active and middle:

Indicative Mood

First Aorist Active First Aorist Middle Singular

ἐπαίδευσα ἐπαιδευσάµην

(“I taught”) (“I taught for myself”)

ἐπαίδευσας ἐπαιδεύσω

(“you [sg.] taught”) (“you taught for yourself”) ἐπαίδευσε(ν) ἐπαιδεύσατο

(“he/she/it taught”) (“he/she/it taught for him/her/itself”) Plural

ἐπαιδεύσαµεν ἐπαιδευσάµεθα

(“we taught”) (“we taught for ourselves”)

ἐπαιδεύσατε ἐπαιδεύσασθε

(“you [pl.] taught”) (“you taught for yourselves”) ἐπαίδευσαν ἐπαιδεύσαντο

(“they taught”) (“they taught for themselves”) Infinitives

First Aorist Active First Aorist Middle

παιδεῦσαι παιδεύσασθαι

(“to teach”) (“to teach for oneself”) Imperative Mood

First Aorist Active First Aorist Middle Singular

παίδευσον παίδευσαι

(“teach!”) (“teach for yourself!”)

παιδευσάτω παιδευσάσθω

(“let him/her/it teach!”) (“let him/her/it teach for him/her/itself!”) Plural

παιδεύσατε παιδεύσασθε

(“teach!”) (“teach for yourselves!”) παιδευσάντων παιδευσάσθων

(“let them teach!”) (“let them teach for themselves!”)

Lesson 18 • 109 Summary of First-Aorist Endings

Indicative Mood

Active Middle

Singular

-σα -σάµην

-σας -σω (-σα[σ]ο) -σε(ν) -σατο

Plural

-σαµεν -σάµεθα

-σατε -σασθε

-σαν -σαντο

Infinitives

Active Middle

-σαι -σασθαι

Imperative Mood

Active Middle

Singular

-σον -σαι

-σατω -σασθω

Plural

-σατε -σασθε

-σαντων -σασθων

As you can see, most of the first-aorist endings are combinations of the letters σα and the secondary personal endings; there is no intervening thematic vowel (ο/ε). A predictable contraction occurs in the second-person singular middle indicative (-σα[σ]ο → -σω). In the first-person singular active indicative, σα used to be σμ (sigma by itself was the original sign of the aorist tense), but the μ changed to α, producing the σα that then insinuated itself into almost all the other aorist forms. It did not insinuate itself into the third-person singular active, where the final ε is an ending borrowed from the perfect tense.

To signify past tense, augments are added to all aorist indicative forms, but not to aorist infinitives or imperatives. This is logical since infinitives and imperatives show only aspect (in this case aoristic), not time. Augmenting is done exactly as in the imperfect tense: a temporal augment is used if the word begins with a vowel; otherwise a syllabic augment (ἐ-) is used.

The -αι of the active infinitive is an old dative ending (infinitives originated as nouns in the dative case). Scholars are unsure how the endings of the second-person imperatives came to be -ον and -αι. Notice that the only difference in form between the active infinitive (παιδεῦσαι) and the second-person singular middle imperative (παίδευσαι) is accent: the aorist active infinitive is always accented on the penult, while the middle imperative has

From Alpha to Omega 110 •

recessive accent (as do all the other finite forms of the aorist). The aorist middle infinitive has persistent accent on the antepenult.

If the present stem ends in a consonant, adding σα to it produces euphonic changes that should be familiar to you from the future tense:

labial (-π, -β, -φ) or -πτ + σα = ψα dental (-τ, -δ, -θ) or -ζ + σα = σα palatal (-κ, -γ, -χ) or -ττ + σα = ξα

Contract verbs, as you would expect, lengthen their final vowel (α → η or, after ε, ι, or ρ, ᾱ; ε → η; ο → ω) before adding σα. Liquid and nasal verbs either add η (a lengthened ε) + σα to their present stem or add σα, drop σ, and lengthen their stem-vowel (α → η or, after ι or ρ, ᾱ; ε → ει). Examples:

φιλέω → ἐφίλησα

μέλλω [basic stem = μελλ-] → ἐμέλλησα ἀγγέλλω [basic stem = ἀγγελ-] → ἠγγειλ[σ]α → ἤγγειλα If, as in ἀγγέλλω, the present stem is an expansion of an even simpler stem, use that simpler, basic stem to construct the aorist.

Of the verbs you already know, the following thirty have first aorists.

ἀκούω ἀκούσομαι ἤκουσα

ἀλλάττω ἀλλάξω ἤλλαξα

ἁρπάζω ἁρπάσω ἥρπασα

βλάπτω βλάψω ἔβλαψα

βλέπω βλέψομαι ἔβλεψα

γελάω γελάσομαι ἐγέλασα

γράφω γράψω ἔγραψα

δηλόω δηλώσω ἐδήλωσα

διώκω διώξω ἐδίωξα

δουλεύω δουλεύσω ἐδούλευσα

ἐθέλω ἐθελήσω ἠθέλησα

θω θσω ἔθῡσα

κελεύω κελεύσω ἐκέλευσα

κλέπτω κλέψω ἔκλεψα

κομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισα

λω λσω ἔλῡσα

μέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα

παιδεύω παιδεύσω ἐπαίδευσα

πείθω πείσω ἔπεισα

πέμπω πέμψω ἔπεμψα

πλήττω (ἐπιπλήττω) πλήξω (ἐπιπλήξω) ἔπληξα (ἐπέπληξα) 110.

Lesson 18 • 111 ποιέω (προσποιέω) ποιήσω (προσποιήσω) ἐποίησα (προσεποίησα)

πρττω πρξω ἔπρᾱξα

σπεύδω σπεύσω ἔσπευσα

τῑμάω τῑμήσω ἐτμησα

τρέπω τρέψω ἔτρεψα

φιλέω φιλήσω ἐφίλησα

φυλάττω φυλάξω ἐφύλαξα

χαίρω χαιρήσω ἐχαίρησα

ὠφελέω ὠφελήσω ὠφέλησα

Third Principal Part. From now on, you must memorize three principal parts for every verb. The third principal part is always the first-person singular aorist active indicative.

Genitive of Value. The genitive of value (in a context of buying or selling, it is also called genitive of price) is a common construction in Greek; e.g., whenever you combine a genitive with ἄξιος, -ᾱ, -ον, you are using the genitive of value to indicate what someone or something is worth. The words δραχμή (“drachma”) and ὀβολός (“obol”) occur often in the genitive to indicate the price of an object; e.g., τὴν ἀσπίδα πωλῶ δραχμῆς (“I am selling the shield for a drachma”).

Vocabulary

ἀγγέλλω, ἀγγελῶ, ἤγγειλα announce, report

λ is added to the basic stem ἀγγελ- to make the present stem. εσ is added to ἀγγελ- to form the future, but the σ drops out, and contraction occurs.

The first aorist’s σ also drops out, and the stem-vowel is lengthened (ε → ει) to compensate.

ἐρωτάω, ἐρωτήσω, ἠρώτησα (+ double acc.) ask, question

The question being asked and the person being questioned both go into the accusative case (e.g., τοῦτο σ’ ἐρωτῶ). This is called a double accusative.

πωλέω, πωλήσω, ἐπώλησα sell [cf. monopoly]

ἄγγελος, -ου, ὁ, ἡ messenger [cf. angel, evangelism]

δραχµή, -ῆς, ἡ drachma (unit of money &

weight = 6 obols)

ὀβολός, -οῦ, ὁ obol (small unit of money & weight) µόνος, -η, -ον alone, only [cf. monograph, monolithic,

monotheism, monk]

ὀλίγος, -η, -ον little, few [cf. oligarchy]

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112.

From Alpha to Omega 112 •

πολύς, πολλή, πολύ (irreg. adj.—no voc. sg.) much, many;

οἱ πολλοί = the many, the people [cf.

polygraph, polymer, polyphony, polytheism]

πολύς is irregular in the masculine singular, nominative and accusative (πολύς, πολύν) and the neuter singular, nominative and accusative (πολύ, πολύ). Otherwise its stem is πολλ-, and it has normal -ος, -η, -ον endings.

It is not used in the vocative singular. All forms are accented on the ultima.

πολλά is usually elided before a vowel; its accent then shifts to the penult (πόλλ’). See the appendix for a full paradigm.

µόνον (neut. sg. acc. of μόνος used as adv.) only οὐ µόνον…ἀλλὰ καί (correlatives) not only…but also

πολύ or πολλά (neuter sg. or pl. acc. of πολύς used as

adv.) much

περί (prep. + gen.) about, concerning; (prep. + dat.) around; (prep. + acc.) around (basic meaning of περί = around) (never elided) [cf. period, peripatetic, periphery, periscope]

περί + accusative is much more common than περί + dative. The dative is used mostly in descriptions of clothing “around” a person’s body or with verbs that express care or anxiety centered “around” someone or something.

Exercises

Greek-to-English Sentences

1. ἠρώτησάν με τόδε· Πολλῶν ὀβολῶν ἐπώλησας τὰ βιβλία ταῦτα;

2. πρὸς θεῶν, ὦ φύλακες, σπεύσατε ἐπὶ τὸ τεῖχος, ὥρᾱ γὰρ φυλάξαι.

3. τοῖς μὲν ῥήτορσι πολλαὶ δραχμαὶ ἦσαν, τοῖς δ’ ἀγγέλοις ὀλίγαι.

4. ἐρωτησάτω ὁ φιλόσοφος αὐτοὺς τόδε· Μόνοι μεῖς ἄξιοι εἶναι μαθηταί;

5. ἐπειδὴ ἠκούσαμεν ταῦτα, πολὺ ἐπεπλήξαμεν τοῖς ἀγγέλοις.

6. ἐπὶ μὲν τοῦ πολέμου τοῖς πολλοῖς πολὺς κίνδῡνος, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς εἰρήνης πολλὴ ἡσυχίᾱ.

7. τρέψαι εἰς τὴν ἀγορν καὶ πώλησον τς ἀσπίδας, οὐ μόνον τς καλς ἀλλὰ καὶ τς ὀλίγης τῑμῆς.

8. πόλλ’ ἡμῖν ἤγγειλεν ὅδ’ ὁ αὐτὸς ἄγγελος περὶ ἐκείνου τοῦ πολέμου.

9. τοὺς οὐκ ὀβολοῦ ἀξίους κλῶπας ἐδίωξας περὶ τὰ τείχη καὶ ἥρπασας.

10. οὐ μόνον πολλὰ γέρᾱ ἐκομίσω ἐν τῷ ἀγῶνι, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλὴν τῑμήν.

113.

Lesson 18 • 113 English-to-Greek Sentences

1. Dear messenger, you alone are accustomed to be sincere; report the truth about the contest.

2. We sold the fine books for many drachmas, the ugly clothes for a few obols.

3. That evil thief not only stole the shield but also destroyed it.

4. The people ridiculed Socrates much and sent him to death.

5. I asked them this: “Did you stand guard in the same position or move around the walls?”

From Alpha to Omega 114 •

Reading

Hermes Finds Himself a Bargain (Aesop’s Fable 90)

Ἑρμῆς ὁ τῶν θεῶν ἄγγελος ἔσπευδεν εὑρίσκειν ἐν πόσῃ τῑμῇ ἐστιν. ἐκεῖνος οὖν ἐτρέψατο εἰς τὸ ἀγαλματοποιοῦ ἐργαστήριον.

ἔβλεψεν εἰς ἄγαλμα Διὸς καὶ τὸν ἀγαλματοποιὸν ἠρώτησε·

Πόσου τόδε τὸ ἄγαλμα πωλῆσαι ἐθέλεις; Ὀβολοῦ. ἐπεὶ ταύτην τὴν ὀλίγην τῑμὴν ἤκουσεν, ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐγέλασε καὶ ἠρώτησε· Πόσου τόδε τὸ τῆς Ἥρᾱς; Δραχμῆς. ὁ δ’ Ἑρμῆς πάλιν ἐγέλασε καὶ ἠρώτησε· Καὶ πόσου τόδε τὸ τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ ἀγαθοῦ ἀγγέλου; πολλοῦ γὰρ ἄξιος ἐκεῖνός γ’ ἐστίν. ὁ δ’ ἀγαλματοποιὸς ἐγέλασε· Πρὸς θεῶν, ὦ φίλε, οὐ μόνον τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ τῆς Ἥρᾱς σοι πωλήσω καὶ πρὸς αὐτοῖς τόδε τὸ τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ τὸ ἄγαλμα δῶρόν σοι ποιήσω.

μὴ ἔστε κενόδοξοι, ὦ ἄνθρωποι, ἡ γὰρ ἀλήθεια ἡ περὶ μῶν δήλη ἔσται.

Vocabulary Help for the Reading

Ἑρµῆς (line 1) from Ἑρμῆς, -οῦ, ὁ: Hermes, one of the Olympian gods; he is often depicted as a trickster and a bit of a rascal ἐν πόσῃ τῑµῇ ἐστιν (lines 1-2) how much honor he had (literally, “in how much honor he is”; indirect question)

πόσῃ (line 1) from πόσος, -η, -ον: how much? (interrogative adj./pronoun) ἀγαλµατοποιοῦ (line 2) from ἀγαλματοποιός, -οῦ, ὁ: sculptor

ἐργαστήριον (line 2) from ἐργαστήριον, -ου, τό: workshop ἄγαλµα (line 3) from ἄγαλμα, -ατος, τό: statue

Διός (line 3) from Ζεύς, Διός, ὁ: Zeus, king of the Olympian gods (this third-decl. noun has an odd nominative singular; you would expect Δίς)

πόσου (line 4) at what price? (literally, “of how much?”; genitive of value)

Ἥρᾱς (line 6) from Ἥρᾱ, -ᾱς, ἡ: Hera, queen of the Olympian gods πρός (line 9) here = “in addition to”

κενόδοξοι (line 12) from κενόδοξος, -ον: conceited 5

10

Σ

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Lesson 19

Ω-Verbs

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