Origen y evolución del voluntariado

By Anders-Johan Almås & Svein Bjørberg, Multiconsult A/S & NTNU, Norway

Population

Population

The population in Norway counts about 4.9 million people (Jan 1st 2011). In 1665 the population was 440,000, in 1822 it reached 1 million, in 1890 2 mil- lion, in 1942 3 million and in 1975 4 million people. The number of births per women is now 1.98 and in 2009 61,800 children were born in Norway. The average lifetime of a human being has increased the last 200 years, espe- cially the last 20 years for men. For women the average lifetime is 83 years, for men about 79. The average age of the population is 39 years. There is about just as many women as men in Norway (Figure 33). 10.6 % of the population are immigrants or people born in Norway with immigrant parents (Statistics Norway, 2010).

Figure 33. Population in Norway by age, sex and civil status. Source: (Statistics Norway, 2010).

Expected population in the future

The population will probably increase in the future due to a still high amount of immigrants, increasing average lifetime and the high birth rate (Figure 34). The scenarios shows that the population most likely will increase to about 6.9 million in 2060 (44 %), with a span from 5.4 to 8.5 million (Statistics Norway, 2010).

Figure 34. Population growth as expected for the next 50 years. Source: (Statistics Norway, 2010).

There will probably be a higher number of elderly people in the coming years. The number of people more than 67 years old will most likely increase from 617,000 in 2010 to about 1.5 million in 2060 (Statistics Norway, 2010). There has been a trend of decreasing population in the rural areas the last years, while the population in the larger cities increases rapidly. There is a high amount of immigrants, which also will give directions on how the living patterns and building design should be in the years to come.

Building stock: Value, age distribution, amount and ownership

There are about 3.8 million buildings in Norway. Among these 1.4 million (37 %) are residential buildings (1 January 2010). There are approximately 2.3 million housings (houses and apartments) and in 2001 there were 2.3 per- sons per housing (Statistics Norway, 2010).

Figure 35 shows the number of buildings in Norway categorized by building type (the Norwegian building matrix). Figure 35 illustrates that the number of fishery and agricultural buildings is high. Both fishing and agriculture have been large industries in Norway, and they still are to a certain degree as evi- denced in the overview of the number of buildings. Residential buildings count for about 2/3 of the total gross floor area.

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Figure 35. Number of buildings in Norway distributed by building category (the Norwegian building ma- trix) by January 2010.

Figure 36 shows the amount of buildings in Norway counted by square me- tres (Evjenth et al., 2011). Figure 36 shows that there are many small hous- es and garages in Norway. Most families in rural areas have their own house (often with a garage) while in the city centres apartment buildings are more common. There are also many cottages in Norway, approximately 450,000. It is quite common for families to have a cottage, either in the mountains or at sea, or both.

Figure 36. Building stock in Norway. Source: (Evjenth et al., 2011: 11).

In 2010, approximately NOK257 billion (€32 billion) were used on invest- ments or maintenance in the construction sector in Norway. For buildings, NOK111 billion (€14 billion) were invested in new buildings, and NOK83 bil- lion (€10 billion) in maintenance and refurbishment (BNL, 2011).

Figure 37 shows the construction of new housing, public buildings and pri- vate commercial buildings in square meters.

5.000 5.000 10.000 30.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 100.000 460.000 510.000 1.170.000 1.400.000 0 500.000 1.000.000 1.500.000

Hospitals and institutional care… Prisons and emergency buildings

Transport- and communication… Hotels and restaurant buildings

Apartment buildings Office- and business buildings Education, cultural etc. buildings Industrial buildings Cabins and holiday houses Agricultural- and fishery buildings Garages, boathouses etc Houses

Figure 37. New square metres (*1,000) of housing (green), public buildings (light blue) and private commercial buildings (dark blue). 2011-2013 is estimated. Source: (NBL, 2011).

Figure 38 shows the number of new housing, public buildings and private commercial buildings.

Figure 38. Number of new houses. 2011-2013 is estimated. Source: (NBL, 2011).

In 2010 there were approximately 310,000 people working in the building in- dustry in Norway. Approximately 25 % of the registered workers on site are foreign citizens. Some 140 countries are represented.

According to Sartori et al. (2008) renovation is likely to overtake construction as the major activity in the Norwegian residential sector (Figure 39).

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Figure 39. Renovation (ren) is likely to overtake construction (new) as the major activity towards 2050. Source: (Sartori et al., 2008: 418).

Impact of building stock on environment

Energy production and energy use

In 2009 the total emission of greenhouse gases in Norway was about 50 mil- lion tonnes CO2 equivalents, i.e. about 11 tonnes per capita (Figure 40).

Figure 40. Emissions of greenhouse gases 1990-2009 and Norway’s assigned amount 2008-2012. Mil- lion tonnes CO2 equivalents. Source: (Statistics Norway, 2011).

Carbon dioxide accounted for 83 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 41).

Figure 41. Inventory of emissions of greenhouse gases 1990-2010. Source: (Statistics Norway, 2011).

The oil and gas industries, manufacturing and road traffic are the greatest sources of CO2 emissions (Figure 42). Since 1990 there has been an in-

crease of about 2 % in total.

Figure 42. Greenhouse gas emissions in Norway. Source: (Statistics Norway, 2011).

According to a report published by (Bernhard & Jørgensen, 2007), the con- struction and operation of buildings counts for about 14 % of the total green- house gas emissions in Norway, i.e. 7 million tons CO2 equivalents. Opera-

tion of buildings represents about 4 % in this context, i.e. 2 million tons CO2

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used for space heating (19 TWh by electricity). For other buildings (office buildings etc.) the total energy demand was 30 TWh. Out of this, 15 TWh was used for space heating (10 TWh by electricity). No other sector has had a larger growth in energy use in the past 30 years (Enova, 2001).

This shows that residential buildings count for about 60 % of the total energy demand of the Norwegian building stock. For residential buildings space heating counts for approximately 60 %, and 70 % of the space heating is supplied by electricity. Other buildings use 40 % of the total energy where 50 % is for space heating and 67 % of the space heating is supplied by electrici- ty. In other words the main challenge for residential buildings is to reduce the need for space heating, while for other buildings reducing energy demand for both space heating, technical equipment and ventilation should be of highest priority.

Figure 43. Statistics for delivered energy for different building types, based on data for 5-10 % of the Norwegian building stock. Source: (Enova, 2008: 16).

As Figure 43 shows, the energy use in Norway is highly based on electricity and district heating. There is a high use of floating fossils (i.e. oil) in industry buildings, while gas mainly is used in hospitals and institutions.

The electricity production in Norway is normally about 121 TWh per year (2006). This includes wind, hydro and heat power. Hydro power counts for approximately 99 % of the production (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2006). Thus, in a local perspective the electricity energy could be considered a renewable and green energy source.

By reducing the electricity demand in Norway the export of renewable elec- tricity abroad will increase. The renewable electricity replaces electricity generated by fossil fuel burning abroad (coal, oil etc.). Combined with a growing demand and shortage of electricity in Norway it will therefore be very important to reduce the need for electricity in the Norwegian building stock.

Health and indoor environment

Studies indicate that the Norwegian people stay inside a building as much as over 90 % of the day. But the indoor climate in buildings varies a lot. Late years focusing on indoor climate in school buildings has revealed bad per- formance, illness and allergic reactions. Also, a number of kindergartens have problems with the indoor climate. Usually, an old ventilation system, moisture problems and/or poor cleaning are the reasons to the problems. Usually, buildings with low technical standard experience these problems. In housing, the situation is generally somewhat better. But lack of knowledge of indoor climate often leads to poor ventilation and moisture damages even in apartments and houses. In office buildings, though, the indoor climate is much better in general. Here, problems related to dry air sometimes are re- ported, usually in winter season.

Material use

The dominating materials used are wood, concrete and steel. Also, gypsum boards, plastic and different types of sealing products are used. The majority of houses are built as an insulated wood structure with an indoor vapour bar- rier and an outdoor wind barrier. Outside of the wind barrier, an air gap and a cladding are mounted (two layer structure). Some houses are built of ma- sonry or concrete. Bigger buildings, as office buildings, hotels etc. usually have a bearing frame of steel or concrete and concrete slabs. The wall ele- ments are usually built as for housing, but some buildings have only con- crete wall elements (one layer structure). Roofs are usually built in two ways. Small houses usually have wooden framed and insulated pitched roofs with a two layer wind and rain barrier (e.g. tiles). Larger buildings usually have flat, insulated roofs built upon concrete slabs.

Figure 44. Import and export of building materials in Norway, billion NOK. Source: (NBL, 2011).

Most materials are domestic, but there is an increasing amount of imported “new” materials (Figure 44). The dominating materials for both export and import are iron, steel, wood, plastic and painting. For stone and gypsum, the export is higher than import. Almost half of the export finds its way to the Nordic countries, followed by Germany, China, Great Britain and The Neth- erlands. The import is mostly from Sweden (25 %), Germany, Denmark, Fin- land and Poland.

Waste handling

Every year about 1.5 million tons of waste is produced by the building sector. This includes new buildings, refurbishment and demolition. The producer of the waste (owner and contractor) is responsible for the handling of the waste. The department of environment has made a new requirement (2008) of waste handling. New buildings over 300 m2 and refurbished buildings over 100 m2 must have a waste plan. For existing buildings you also need to pro- duce a description of environmental issues for the refurbishment. In addition there is a quantitative demand that at least 60 % of all the waste shall be re- cycled on site.

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number of elderly people increases. New thinking for housing elderly and to fulfil the increasing demands of comfort will be of crucial importance. Further, the technical standard and flexibility of the building stock is not as good as it should be. Sustainable refurbishment will be one of the major challenges for the years to come.

Information available on the market

There are a lot of training courses on the market aiming to increase the knowledge on sustainable planning of both new buildings and refurbishment projects. The main focus is on BREEAM, energy labelling, project planning, energy efficiency, Passive House standard and energy sources.

Safety on working sites

Safety on working sites has been on the agenda in the construction industry the last decades. Within the construction industry, an average of 13 people has lost their lives in workplace accidents every year since 1988. One in four occupational injuries in the industry is due to falls.

Other subjects of interest