• No se han encontrado resultados

OSTEOPOROSIS: UNA PATOLOGÍA CON AFECTACIÓN PERSONAL, FAMILIAR, LABORAL Y SOCIAL

The authors would like to acknowledge Jamie Gallant for technical assistance with scanning FT-MIR ATR samples. Furthermore, Drs Steven Pelly and Eugene van Rensburg are also thanked for their valuable insights. This work forms part of the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) funded project PB110/08. Kim Trollope was supported by a grant from TIA and Stellenbosch University. She also holds a L’Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Regional Fellowship in Sub-Saharan Africa.

3.6 LITERATURE CITED

Arnold, FH, Georgiou G (2003) Directed enzyme evolution screening and selection methods. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

Benatuil L, Perez JM, Belk J, Hsieh C (2010) An improved yeast transformation method for the generation of very large human antibody libraries. Protein Eng Des Sel 23:155–159

Betts MJ, Russell RB (2003) Amino acid properties and consequences of subsitutions. In Barnes MR, Gray IC (eds) Bioinformatics for Geneticists. Wiley, New York, NY

Brachmann CB, Davies A, Cost GJ, Caputo E, Li J, Hieter P, Boeke JD (1998) Designer deletion strains derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C: a useful set of strains and plasmids for PCR- mediated gene disruption and other applications. Yeast 14:115–132

Cantarel BL, Coutinho PM, Rancurel C, Bernard T, Lombard V, Henrissat B (2009) The Carbohydrate- Active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res 37:D233–D238

Chuankhayan P, Hsieh C, Huang Y, Hsieh Y, Guan H, Hsieh Y, Tien Y, Chen C, Chiang C, Chen C (2010) Crystal structures of Aspergillus japonicus fructosyltransferase complex with donor/acceptor substrates reveal complete subsites in the active site for catalysis. J Biol Chem 285:23251–23264 Cobb RE, Si T, Zhao H (2012) Directed evolution: an evolving and enabling synthetic biology tool. Curr

Opin Chem Biol 16:285–291

Cozzolino D, Curtin C (2012) The use of attenuated total reflectance as tool to monitor the time course of fermentation in wild ferments. Food Control 26:241-246

Crous JM, Pretorius IS, Van Zyl WH (1995) Cloning and expression of an Aspergillus kawachii endo-1,4- beta-xylanase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 28:467–473

de Abreu MA, Álvaro-Benito M, Plou FJ, Fernández-Lobato M, Alcalde M (2011) Screening β- fructofuranosidases mutant libraries to enhance the transglycosylation rates of β-(2→6) fructooligosaccharides. Comb Chem High Throughput Screening 14:730–738

Dougherty MJ, Arnold FH (2009) Directed evolution: new parts and optimized function. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:486–491

Duarte IF, Barros A, Delgadillo I, Almeida C, Gil AM (2002) Application of FTIR spectroscopy for the quantification of sugars in mango juice as a function of ripening. J Agric Food Chem 50:3104–3111 Edelman J, Bacon JSD (1951) Transfructosidation in extracts of the tubers of Helianthus tuberosus L.

Biochem J 49:529–540

Fischer EH, Kohtès L, Fellig J (1951) Propriétés de I’invertase purifiée. Helv Chim Acta 34:1132–1138 Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the

Concept of Prebiotics. J Nutr 125:1401–1412

Guio F, Rugeles LD, Rojas SE, Palomino MP, Camargo MC, Sánchez OF (2012) Kinetic modeling of fructooligosaccharide production using Aspergillus oryzae N74. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167:142– 163

Hill J, Donald K, Griffiths D (1991) DMSO-enhanced whole cell yeast transformation. Nucleic Acids Res 19:5791

Hidaka H, Hirayama M, Sumi N (1988) A fructooligosaccharide-producing enzyme from Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611. Agric Biol Chem 52:1181–1187

Hirayama M, Sumi N, Hidaka H (1989) Purification and properties of a fructoooligosaccharide-producing β-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611. Agric Biol Chem 53:667–673

Hu X, Robin S, O'Connell S, Walsh G, Wall JG (2010) Engineering of a fungal β-galactosidase to remove product inhibition by galactose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1773–1782

Jong WY, Seung KS (1993) The production of high-content fructo-oligosaccharides from sucrose by the mixed-enzyme system of fructosyltransferase and glucose oxidase. Biotechnol Lett 15:573–576 Kuchner O, Arnold FH (1997) Directed evolution of enzyme catalysts. Trends Biotechnol 15:523–530 Kupina SA, Shrikhande AJ (2003) Evaluation of a Fourier transform infrared instrument for rapid quality-

control wine analyses. Am J Enol Vitic 54:131–134

Lafraya Á, Sanz-Aparicio J, Polaina J, Marín-Navarro J (2011) Fructo-oligosaccharide synthesis by mutant versions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:6148–6157 Leopold LF, Leopold N, Diehl H-A, Socaciu C (2011) Quantification of carbohydrates in fruit juices using

FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Spectrosc-Int J 26:93–104

Li-Chan E, Chalmers JM, Griffiths P (2010) Applications of vibrational spectroscopy in food science: Volumes I and II: Analysis of food, drink and related materials. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester Linde D, Macias I, Fernández-Arrojo L, Plou FJ, Jiménez A, Fernández-Lobato M (2009) Molecular and

biochemical characterization of a β-fructofuranosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:1065–1073

Maiorano AE, Piccoli RM, Da Silva ES, De Andrade Rodrigues MF (2008) Microbial production of fructosyltransferases for synthesis of prebiotics. Biotechnol Lett 30:1867–1877

Max J-J, Chapados C (2007) Glucose and fructose hydrates in aqueous solution by IR spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 111:2679–2689

Max J-J, Chapados C (2001) Sucrose hydrates in aqueous dolution by IR spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 105:10681–10688

Nieuwoudt HH, Pretorius IS, Bauer FF, Nel DG, Prior BA (2006) Rapid screening of the fermentation profiles of wine yeasts by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Microbiol Methods 67:248–256 Nishizawa K, Nakajima M, Nabetani H (2001) Kinetic Study on transfructosylation by β-fructofuranosidase

from Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611 and availability of a membrane reactor for fructooligosaccharide production. Food Sci Technol Res 7:39–44

Oldenburg KR, Vo KT, Michaelis S, Paddon C (1997) Recombination-mediated PCR-directed plasmid construction in vivo in yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 25:451–542

Patz CD, David A, Thente K, Kürbel P, Dietrich H (1999) Wine analysis with FTIR spectrometry. Vitic Enol Sci 54:80–87

Roberfroid M, Slavin J (2000) Nondigestible oligosaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 40: 461-480 Roberfroid MB (2007) Inulin-Type Fructans: Functional Food Ingredients. J Nutr 137:2493S–2502

Rocklin RD, Clarke AP, Weitzhandler M (1998) Improved long-term reproducibility for pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates via a new quadruple-potential waveform. Anal Chem 70:1496–1501

Romero PA, Arnold FH (2009) Exploring protein fitness landscapes by directed evolution. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:866–876

Ruff AJ, Dennig A, Schwaneberg U (2013) To get what we aim for: progress in diversity generation methods. FEBS J 280:2961–2978

Saarelainen R, Paloheimo M, Fagerström R, Suominen PL, Nevalainen KM (1993) Cloning, sequencing and enhanced expression of the Trichoderma reesei endoxylanase II (pI 9) gene xln2. Mol Gen Genet 241:497–503

Sambrook J, Fritsch E, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY

Schenk J, Marison IW, Von Stockar U (2007) A simple method to monitor and control methanol feeding of

Pichia pastoris fermentations using mid-IR spectroscopy. J Biotechnol 128:344–353

Sherman F, Fink G, Lawrence CW (1979) Methods in Yeast Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY

Sheu DC, Lio PJ, Chen ST, Lin CT, Duan KJ (2001) Production of fructooligosaccharides in high yield using a mixed enzyme system of β-fructofuranosidase and glucose oxidase. Biotechnol Lett 23:1499–1503

Shimotohno A, Oue S, Yano T, Kuramitsu S, Kagamiyama H (2001) Demonstration of the importance and usefulness of manipulating non-active-site residues in protein design. J Biochem 129:943–948 Sills DL, Gossett JM (2012) Using FTIR spectroscopy to model alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic

saccharification of six lignocellulosic biomasses. Biotechnol Bioeng 109:894–903

Tielmann P, Boese M, Luft M, Reetz MT (2003) A practical high-throughput screening system for enantioselectivity by using FTIR spectroscopy. Chem Eur J 9:3882–3887

Wang J, Kliks MM, Jun S, Jackson M, Li QX (2010) Rapid analysis of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose in honeys from different geographic regions using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. J Food Sci 75:C208–C214

White LM, Secor GE (1952) The oligosaccharides formed during the sucrose-invertase reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 36:490–491

Williams PC (2001) Implementation of Near-Infrared technology, In: Williams PC, K.H. Norris (eds.) Near infrared technology in the agricultural and food industries. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, pp 145–169

Yanai K, Nakane A, Kawate A, Hirayama M (2001) Molecular cloning and characterization of the fructooligosaccharide-producing β-fructofuranosidase gene from Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:766–773

Yoshikawa J, Amachi S, Shinoyama H, Fujii T (2008) Production of fructooligosaccharides by crude enzyme preparations of β-fructofuranosidase from Aureobasidium pullulans. Biotechnol Lett 30:535–539

Documento similar