T
his chapter includes players rated Expert (2000-2199 USCF or roughly 2150-2349 ICC standard) and above. For each protocol, I list the de Groot position (for example de GrootA, de Groot B, de Groot C, etc.; see Chapter 1 for those positions); the age of the subject; the subject's rating; and the time the subject spent to choose his move.
Comments in parentheses indicate outside actions or comments that reflect the action of the player, such as (silent) if he paused for a long time. Comments in brackets are my thoughts. My frequent use of [sic] means the subject is making a clear mistake in analysis or visualization.
In contrast, [!] indicates the player has made a comment very insightful for their level of ability or a surprising error. A frequent note is [No eval] meaning the subject did not try to evaluate which side stood bet ter, by how much, and why.
Protocol E-1 (de Groot Ernie; adult; 2150; 19 minutes)
Don't recognize the opening - backward d-pawn. His knight is attacking the queen. Must move the queen. Tactics to delay it? 1. VJJp is interesting! He can't take the queen because 2. :1'1.eB+ leads to mate.
I. V!Jp is a candidate. Others? 1. V!JcS V!JxcS 2.bxcS nothing. Material? Up a pawn to boot! Don't have to go infor major tactics?! 1. V!JeS is worth a look: 1. YfieS YfixeS 2. :1'1.xeS The rook attacks the bishop atf5 - that nar rows the candidates. 1. V!fb5 a6 Yeah, that's the case. Not 1. V!Ja5 maybe 1.Wia5 b6 same problem 2.YfieS V!Jxe5 3. :1'1.xeS d6 attacks the rook and bishop - doesn't look like it works. 1. Yfie4 looks playable. If 1. Y!ip does not work can bail out with 1. V!Je4 - look at l...dS. Maybe I can't bail out with 1. Yfie4. So 1. VJJp is the candidate move. 1. VJJp then he moves 1 ... :1'1.gB or 1 ... :1'1.dB or protect with 1 ... Yfid6 or l... l1Je6. No, 2. :1'1.xe6 and
he can't take back. So l ... l1Jg6 is ridiculous - 2. fi.xg6. 1. Y!ip Yfid6 or 1 ... Vfid6; l... Y!id6 2. :1'1.eB is good - sufficient to win. 2 ... l1Je6 at worst I exchange the pieces and I am up a pawn - OK. J. Y!iP Wid6 2. :1'1.eB ltle6. Yeah,forced. 3. :1'1.xfB White is ahead in development with a much better game . ... l1Je2+? 1. Y!ip Yf1 dB looks best - rule out 1 ... :1'1.dB 2. :1'1.eB+
'il,xeB 3. V!fxe8# 1 ... :1'1.gB again: 2. :1'1.eB my best - not as certain. 2 ... l1Jc6?
1:'0·
Maybe 2 ... g6. 1. WiP :1'1.gB 2. :1'1.eB same problem. Same threat; in most positions it( the defense) does not work. So 1. Yff P V!JdB only.The Improving Chess Thinker
Problem: both my queen and bishop are attacked. The queen has no good squares (groan). This does not look very good now. 2. Vfie7 no. It all looks bad. Starting to think I may be in trouble here. Any tricks?
1. 'l'l,eB? Doesn't look very good. Re-evaluate. Anything tactical I missed somehow? 1. V!ie4 d5. Maybe I should be looking at something else al together. 1. V!ip V!idB 2. V!ie7 V!ixe7 3. 'l'l,xe7 'i'J,xf5. Down a piece. 4. l'Ud4?
Can ! take advantage of the bishop being undeveloped? If l. Vfie5 d6 no good. 2. V!ixf4. 1 ... V!ixe5 2. 'l'l,xe5 d6 3. hcB dxe5 4. hb7 doesn't look so bad - picking up the bishop on cB and the pawn on d7. Pretty sure J
have to play 1. V!ie5. Only used 12 minutes (equivalent to six at a two to one ratio for thinking out loud). 1. V!ie5 V!ixc4 is annoying but I am not in danger of losing a piece. 1. V!ip was so pretty, too! But not against 1 ... V!idB. 1. V!ia5 V!ixa5 2. 'l'l,xa5 b6 Oh! I have 3.1'..e4.
de Groot Ernie
Black to move after l.Vfia5 V!ixa5 2.i::!xa5 b6 3 . .ie4 Subject E-1 spotted this key idea but I didn't!
1. V!ia5 b6 anything worth ... ? So I can induce ... b6 - is that helpful? It allows fi.e4 with tempo or allows him to develop the bishop. 1. "l!i a5 b6 2. V!ie5 V!ixe5 3. 'l'l,xe5 not that concerned. Oh, I do - it hits the bishop on f5. Looks like ... b6 is not helpful (to me). 1. V!ie5 V!ixe5 2. 'l'l,xe5 d6 3. hcB exd5 4. hb7 rook moves. Maybe then 5. 'l'l,xa7 - starting to look very promising. I. V!ie5 V!ixc4 2. 'i'J,e4 ille2+ doesn't win the knight. 3. ltlfl illg3++ hits rook, so 3. Whl then maybe nothing. Still it looks promis ing. I. V!ie5 V!ixc4 'i'J,e4 ille2+ 3. Whl - no, 3 ... V!ixc3 4. 'l'l,xe2 so 1. V!ie5 "/!ixc4 others? No, maybe 2 ... d6 but I'm certainly not worse. He might get equality but I should be OK. No alternatives to 1. V!ie5. 1... V!ixc4 or J ... V!ixe5. 1 ... ille6? No, 2.he6. 1 ... move queen then 2. V!ixf4. Gotta move the queen unless J.'i'J,e8 'l'l,xeB cute but nothing. Alright, J. V!ie5, J. CiJh4,
J.11Je5. Sort of Philidor's Legacy - not enough tempos. Almost ready to play 1. V!ieS V!ixeS 2. 'iJ.xeS d6 3.hcB dxeS 4. hb7 rook moves. I can't play 5. 'iJ.xa7 if he threatens a back rank mate, but I have sufficient compensation/or the exchange. OK, 1. V!ieS.
Subject E-1 got off to a rough start, taking quite a long time for a player of his caliber to notice that 1.Vfl'f7 is refuted by 1...Vfl'd8. However, the remainder of his protocol is a model of good analysis which would be acceptable to many master-level players. In the diagram he spotted
a key idea which I had missed when I was shown this position: luring
the pawn to b6 allows a counterattack with �e4. Moreover, Subject E-1 fully weighed the various possibilities and chose a line where an ex change sacrifice gives excellent winning chances. While he missed the computer's best line, it was not that he saw a good move and did not look for a better one. After 19 minutes he found a line which seemed to win, and Trigger 2 (see Chapter 11) indicated that result was about as efficient as he was going to get.
Protocol E-2 (de Groot A; adult; 2000; 12 minutes)
Material even, White has an isolated queen's pawn. The knight at
e5 is a decent outpost. Black blockades the isolated queen's pawn well. Threats: 1 ... V!ixb2. White can't actually win a piece: J. hdS hdS does not win a piece. Feels good to get a knight to e4, e.g. J.fa.xj6 fa.xj6 2. l1Je4 but l.fa.xj6 l1Jxf6 stops that. Like in most isolated queen's pawn games, White should play for a kingside attack - in the middlegame. How do I do that? Got to open things up on the king side. A pawn advance? 1.g4. I want to get inf4 andj5. Need the pawn at g4 - may need a buildup to make that happen: g4,f4, double rook's on thef-file. 1.g4 weakensf3 and
h3. Can Black take advantage? What would Black do if I played 1.g4? de Groot A: Black to move after 1.g4?!
The Improving Chess Thinker
1 ... Vii xb2? Suppose 1.g4 'il.fdB. Are there any other Black candidates? Don't see [!]. Black threatens l ... Ci:Jxc3 followed by ... Vfixb2 and is a piece up [?}. l.g4 V!ixb2 2. 'il.f2 or 2f4 Ci:ixc3 3. 'il.xc3. So g4 is premature or not good at all, so I need to deal with b2 (silence). l. 'il.c2 -I have more active pieces or l.b3 or J.b4 possible; fibl is possible ijb3 but not likely. l.b4 or l. 'il.c2 possible. l.b4 weakens c3 badly - don't believe he can take advantage of that: J.b4 Ci:ixc3 2. 'il.xc3 Ci:Je4 big problem. So no l.b4. How about l. 'il.c2? It guards the b2 square - tidy and tigh
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- no major threats that will kill me here. 1. 'il.c2 Ci:ixc3 with the idea of ... 1;.a4. What other possibilities for Black? l. 'il.c2 'il.fdB 2. 'il.fcl issue: 2 ... Ci:ixc3 - never mind - it's OK. Would I lose the d-pawn? No. J.'i'k 2 'il.fdB 2. 'il.fcl and my development is completed with a typical isolated queen's pawn game. I rate the position dynamically equal [good]. How do I move forward after that? l. 'il.c2 'il.fdB 2. 'il.lcl...? (silent). I don't see any major threats for Black or for White - I can move forward. White moves l. 'il.c2. Blunder check and make l. 'il.c2, push clock. (PV=l. J;l,c2 'il.fdB 2.'il.lcl with approximate equality).A very strange protocol for a 2000 player. Subject E-2 hardly con sidered any of his forcing moves, not 1.Ci:ixdS or even 1.Ci:Jxc6 winning
the bishop pair. To spend so much time on the very strange 1.g4?! with out investigating the more forcing captures is original, but not indica tive of what most players at this level would do. The best way to meet
1.'il.c2 is 1...Ci:Jxc3 when White needs to find 2.Ci:Jxc6! to stay in the game
(although Black is still slightly better). Instead, if 2.bxc3 then 2 ... �e4 is a winning skewer. If 2.'il.xc3 then 2 ... Vfffxb2 is very good for Black and,
finally, if 2.Vfixc3 then 2 ... Ci:Je4 wins but not 2 ... .b:g2?? 3.Vfffxc8, a line
missed by several players who assumed the discovery on the queen
would automatically win.
The next subject woke up early to provide a protocol. Protocol E-3 (de Groot Ernie; adult; 2040; 8 minutes)
White is better - on general principles: Black is not developed much. Black is attacking my queen. Unless I have a check or threat. l. BeB flashed in my mind: l. 'il.eB Ci:ixd5 2. 'il.xfB#. Maybe he has l ... Ci:Je6: l. BeB Ci:Je6 - let's see: three attacking, one defending. l. 'il.eB Ci:Je6 2.he6 J;l,xeB - so l can't do 2.he6. l. 'il.e8 'il.e6 2. 'il.xf8+ Ci:JxfB and ... Well, let's see. I'm
a pawn up. He's got a crummy position. What would I do? Fun then after 2 ... Ci:JxfB; can play something like - looking at 3.Ci:JeS and then ti:ip + with general havoc - he could play ... Ci:Je6 again. I would go with 1. 'il.eB ... l. 'il.eB isa total disaster. l. 'il.eB 'il.xeB.Itis too early in the morning!
So J can't play 1. 'il.eB - I like spectacular moves. So I have to move
my queen. What about 1. W!.fl using the 'il.eB idea? 1. W!.fl threatening 2. 'l,ffxjB+. He has no checks to discombobulate that. Defend the rook or move it. 1 ... 'il.dB 2. 'il.eB+ finishes that. So he would have to play 1 ... W!d6 2.Y!.eB attacking the rook twice - not a bloody thing he can do about that - that's about it. It looks like 1... 0ie6 'il.xe6 pretty much.finished off the knight. Yeah, I am going to play 1. W!.fl. Push clock.
Unfortunately, it was probably too early for Subject E-3. As an Ex pert you would not expect him to miss both 1.'il.e8?? 'il.xeB - which he eventually did find, and also 1.�f7? �dB! which he did not, but Subject E-1 did.
de Groot Ernie
Analysis: White to move after 1.�f7? �dB!
Surprisingly, l...Wid8! is not just a defense - it's a winner. For ex ample, the best try 2.tlle5!? still loses to 2 • . . d6! 3.hcB dxe5!, win
ning a piece as the queen and bishop are both attacked, and 2.W!e7 W!xe7
2.l'!xe7 'il.xf5 3.'il.eB+ ©h7 is not nearly sufficient compensation for the
piece for White. I told Subject E-3 to keep in mind that if he thinks he has found a winning move, slam on the brakes and take extra time to make sure it is really winning: if so, then the extra time spent will not
hurt him; if not, then the reason why (in this case l...V!id8!) might turn
out to be so important that the seemingly winning move might not even be good. Even though he thought 1.V!if7 won, Subject E-3 did not follow that advice, or Lasker's Rule to look for a better move. If you have time and don't do either, you had better be sure the win is there! After the
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ercise, Subject E-3 felt a little sheepish at not doing so well (partlyThe Improving Chess Thinker
Protocol E-4 (de Groot Shafritz; adult; 2040; 38 minutes) Reminds me of a position I played as Black in Canada in the 1970 's
- some kid took me to school. I thought Black was threatening but he nullified it with e3 and f4. Wow! So I go back to things I remember Funny how you do that. First move I think of .. no pawn on e2! I consid
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er myself to have some problems. Black has a king side demonstration. He has ... e4 and .. f4. Oddly enough, my.first impression is a defensive one. Let's see. I don't like .. .look at pawn moves. Don't so anything too great. If lf4 then l...e4 and that might not be too bad - stops all the crap. Then something like 2. ltJbS with the idea of 3. f;..c3 to get rid of his pesky bishop. That's something. Oh, my, I could try 1.j3 to stop that altogether. Just pawn moves - what are the other candidate moves? Pretend to Think Like A Grandmaster (laughs). 1.j3 or lf4What if I do 1. ltJb5 first? He can't chase it. If l ... e4 thenf4 is avail able to the other knight. If 1 .. f4 then I just win a pawn. Sometimes I
just see ghosts. 1. ltJb5 f4 then 2.gxf4 and then ... oh boy, he would not take onf4. J.ltJb5f4 2.gxf4 ... If I were Black - White can't take on e5
to give that square to the bishop and knight. Maybe 2 ... Wff6 with the idea of getting the bishop to h3 or to get the rook to f5 - he has all sorts of things. Seems like a very good position [for Black then]. I can bring the knight back to c3 to get into the e4 square. He can play ltJef6 to dis courage that, or 1 . ltJb5f4 2.gxf4 Wfg6 3. ltJc3 ltJdf6 then 4.fxe5 dxe5. Oh my! I can play 5. ltJg3 and I am happy as a clam - a pawn up. So l .. f4
is not playable and so 1. ltJb5 f4 2.gxf4 Vfig6 3. ltJ bc3 ltJef6 then instead of 3 ... ltJdf6 to stop White.from exchanging on e5. He wants to keep e5
open. Now White can't take on e5, so 4. <tlhl with the idea of 5. '8.gl with my own little counterattack. Pretty happy with that - don't want to see Black start to attack, so I don't think 1.ltJb5f4 is so hotfor Black. After 1.ltJb5 if1... Vfih5 - very "Dutch-like" - trying to.figure out what to do (short break) 1 . CiJ bS W!h5, so l look at the reason ltJb5 is to get �c3 to oppose the diagonal and stop pawn attacks: 2j4 e4 3. ic3 - he doesn't want to exchange. So 3 ... ltJdf6 and I don't want to allow ... ltJg4 so I
have to play h3: too many weaknesses for White: ... <tlhB and ... '8.gB to attack the g-pawn. So maybe we consider 1.ltJb5 or lf4. Pawn moves create weaknesses. I can move the queen and he can move to the king side - good spot. I can put the knight on e2 somewhere.
Maybe 1.ltJcl looks ... Then if J..j4 Umm. I have three defenders ... fJ. 1..f4 2.j3 V!ig6 then 3. ltJe2 right back where I started however 3 .. jxg3. Would almost rather be Black here; White is holding on here. Then ... ltJdf6 to open the bishop. Then ... ltJhS. So I have to come up with
something. Might want to play the bishop from e3 tof2 and be OK. e.g.
!tlhS if2. Then White is kinda OK. Don't care for this position - I
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ould rather be Black here. Umm (silent) I don 't know.It's kind of a closed position but I prefer the [lf4 e4 liJdl} 2 ... liJdf6
3.ltle3 have a nice blockade.
de Groot Shafritz
Black to move after 1.f4 e4 2.liJdl liJdf6 3.liJe3
Then Vf!a4 or Vf!a3 and then b4 and do that. I don 't know. He has to play ... lf4 e4 2.liJdl liJdf6 3. liJe3 hS. I can hold that position with 4. Vf!a3. If he plays 4 ... liJg4 then 5.b4 and I feel like I am doing some thing - he can't take me. He can play 5 ... id4. Having ... Umm - Trying hard to imagine the position (silent). Well, I'm looking at the other alternatives - they were too fluid and helped Black. Here I may have a chance and block the attack: 4. Vf!a3 id4 - two pieces attacking e3, two defending - can't take the c-pawn because of the bishop on d4. Then I've got to get rid of the bishop with 5. liJxd4 cxd4 then got to move the knight somewhere like 6. liJc2. Then he has those pawns - I can blockade and try stuff like c5. He has to defend the d-pawn and can't do that. I think I am OK here.
Go back to lf4. I think I would play lf4 then l...liJdf6. No, he can 't - then 2.fxe5 so maybe l...liJef6 (silent). The d-pawn is not doing anything so 2. liJb5. If he goes something like 2 ... Vf!e7 that is bad - the
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night can get to c7, so l. .. liJef6 2. liJb5 liJe8 to protect cl and d6 so liJb518 good against liJ8f6. lf4 liJef6 2. liJg5 liJeB 3.jxe5 liJxe5 then 4. liJf4
both sides have nice posts for their knights. My knights are well-placed - that's good for White - the knights have good squares. Try to get b4 in - neither White nor Black can be successful [in this line] on the
The Improving Chess Thinker
kingside. The plan is that after 4. liJf4 the idea is to tie up the kingside - since he [Black] is stronger than I am there. Then I have the idea of
Vfia3 and b4, exchanging pawns - I am making some queenside move
ment there. 1J4 - he can't move the knights. 1J4 V!ihS 2.fxe5 Now I can get squares for my knight if 2 ... dxe5: If he plays .. J4 then I get /:iJe4
and if he gets ... e4 then liJf4. So those pawns are just hanging there on e5 andj5. lf4 f;.h6 - can't take him [pin on bishop on d2]. Hmm. So he has to go back to 2. Vfic2 [At this point I gave a 35 minute warning.] Don't know. What would he play here? So many moves. Comfortable blocking thef-pawn - to be honest, I don't see. l.liJb5 seems good, but I can always go liJb5 so I would play lf4 push clock.
Well, perhaps feeling chastised by playing a little too superficially in E-3, the Expert more than made up for it in E-4. I think protocol E-4 is somewhat a case where a player was trying too hard to look deep in some lines analyzing how good a move was, without keeping in mind that he only has to find the best move (as was discussed in the comment for Protocol A-5). True, sometimes you need to look deeply to know exactly how good a move is. But other times you don't really have to know to that degree, and the extra depth of search wastes time. This admonition is especially true when the moves you are considering are not forced. Many of the lines that Subject E-4 considered for Black were "tries" rather than forcing sequences that were immediately dangerous. It may be enough to see that they are not dangerous and save the time for later in the game, when truly dangerous lines appear on the horizon.
Summary of Expert
Characteristics of this thought process level:
• I once read about an experiment where researchers performed
EEG's on players of different strengths to determine which rating levels used which amounts of analysis vs. memory to determine their moves. The researchers made the distinction by the activity in various parts of the brain. Their conclusion? The players that do the most analysis are Experts! Players be low Expert tended to do less and less analysis. Players above Expert relied more and more on their memory. In other words, Experts know how to analyze and do it quite intensely. As they get more expertise and rise in rating, they recognize similar
positions they have either analyzed before or seen in literature. Then they play those ideas more from memory. GM Michael Rohde once wrote in Chess Life that there are about five moves per game where Grandmasters don't know what to do and have to think, International Masters eight moves per game, FIDE masters ten, and National Masters fifteen.
• As shown by the Expert protocols, sometimes within all that
analysis resides the one big error that one "could drive a truck through." That's why it is so important to at least double-check the analysis on the move you are going to play before playing it - especially if the position is complicated and the move is critical! Interestingly, this same type of error happened in the World Championship game the same day I edited these lines:
2 0 08 World Championship Kramnik-Anand
White to move
Kramnik had 23+ minutes remaining until the first time con