PAGINAS WEBS DE FEJIDIF Página web de FEJIDIF.

This is an explanatory multiple case study research applying a mixed method approach. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected in this research. The quantitative data were collected from survey and government documents. The data collected from the rest of the sources are qualitative.

Selection of data analysis technique is one of the most difficult parts in a case study. Robson (2002:473) states that a case study does not call for a particular approach to the

88 analysis of the qualitative data that it produces. Yin (2003) also argues that the analysis of case study evidence is one of the least developed and most difficult aspects of doing case studies. He proposes three general strategies for analysing case study evidence as relying on theoretical propositions, setting up a framework based on rival explanations, and developing case descriptions that can be used in practising five specific techniques: pattern matching, explanation building, time-series analysis, logic-models, and cross-case analysis. There are other techniques of analysing qualitative and quantitative data. Techniques used to analyse different forms of data are discussed below.

Quantitative data collected from survey are analysed using statistical techniques. The data were collected using structured questionnaires. A code list of the questionnaires was prepared and then the data were entered into SPSS manually. The variables were defined in the 'Variable View' window first and then the data were entered in the 'Data View' window. Each column in the 'Data View' window represents a variable and each row represents a record or case. The data were double checked with help from one of the friends of the researcher to avoid errors while inputting. Separate case study reports are prepared for each case study.

The questionnaire contains four types of variables: interval or ratio, ordinal, nominal and dichotomous. Frequency tables and bar charts are used to analyse the individual variable. Similarly, contingency tables are used to analyse bivariate analysis and correlation, regression and paired sample t-tests for multivariate analysis based on the nature of variables. The significance of the test was measured to a one per cent level of significance.

Content analysis is a method applied to analyse qualitative data. It is an approach to the analysis of documents and texts that seeks to quantify content in terms of predetermined categories and in a systematic and replicable manner (Bryman, 2008:275). It involves searching for underlying themes in the text material that contain information contributing to a particular theme of the research (Gibbs, 2002). Robson (2002:352-357) suggests six steps to carry out the content analysis: start with the research question, decide on a sampling strategy, define the recording unit, construct categories for analysis, test the coding on samples of text and assess reliability, and carry out the analysis.

89 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software called NVivo 9 produced by QSR (Software for Qualitative Research) International was used to analyse the qualitative data. A new project called 'Research Project' was created. Then the document containing data collected from interview, observation, discussion and field notes were transcribed into plain text format and imported to the project. The data collected from secondary sources were coded manually.

The content analysis was undertaken after coding the text. The coding was carried out by applying nodes to segments of text and the text units were selected as paragraph. The text was coded and text units were assigned names to reflect the content of the text. The codes applied were rights, risks, land use, land development, land value, credit, investment, production, income, revenue, registration procedure, time, costs, land record, land information, land valuation and employee efficiency, ethics and behaviour. These codes were structured under thirteen free nodes as rights, risks, land use and development, land value, credit, investment, production and income, revenue, registration, land record and information, land valuation, other services and employee efficiency and behaviour. These nodes were placed under nodes of specific categories namely, legal (or tenure security), economic and system which served as categories of analysis and also parent nodes. The nodes structured under legal or tenure security category were rights and risks. Similarly, land use and development, land value, credit, investment, production and income, and revenue nodes were structured under legal or tenure security category and registration, land record and information, land valuation, other services and employee efficiency and behaviour were organised under the system category. The nodes incorporated references to those portions of documents in which the code appears.

Data reduction and data display were considered as part of the analysis. Summarisation of field notes, coding and identification of themes and patterns, production of memos about codes and categories were the process involved. Then the coded materials and notes were used for thematic analysis and interpretation. The data saved under nodes were searched and compared using the NVivo search engine. The content analysis drew upon the research questions outlined in Chapter One. The analysis of data structured under the legal or tenure security category supported to answer the first research

90 question. Similarly, the analysis of data under the economic category supported to answer the second and third research question and that structured under the system category supported to answer fourth and fifth research question and also provided some answer to the second and third research questions.

The explanation building was done after content and statistical analysis as mentioned above in order to stipulate a presumed set of causal links about the studied phenomena. Thematic analysis was also carried out. Case study reports were developed from the thematic analysis and interpretation. The cross-case thematic analysis and interpretation was carried out by producing cross-case reports. The conclusions and recommendations were drawn based on the thematic interpretation.