El papel de la innovación en el desarrollo del turismo

And the countless instruments, implements, and machines in those buildings, on those streets, and in those conveyances are also tools. Now, for all the millions of tools that enable us to do our work and live together in harmony, Idealists would have a consensus on how they are to be used. This is a slightly different shade of cooperation than that which characterizes the Guardians, who are more interested in compliance than consensus. Thus Idealists observe the many laws that govern our conduct—building codes, tax laws, rules of the road, and many more—not simply because they are laws, but because they represent a common assent of their community, a unity of purpose or like-mindedness that NFs hold dear. Accord, concurrence, agreement, accommodation: this side of cooperation is what looms large in the consciousness of Idealists.

Acting in concert with others for the good of the group—cooperation—is considerably more important to Idealists than the functional utility of their chosen tools and operations. In the Idealist’s view, people’s instruments and actions need to be acceptable to others, even if they prove less effective than some other disapproved instruments or actions. NFs, like SJs, regard the Artisans’ and Rationals’ utilitarian style—get the job done any which way—as counterproductive if not unethical and offensive. Conventional uses of tools should not be lightly set aside for the sake of increased utility without due regard for people’s feelings about working together in harmony.

Indeed, NFs can be quite suspicious of utilitarian actions which go after results too coldly or single-mindedly; they worry that the warm human touch will be lost, that good feelings will be sacrificed, and that unity will dissolve in a quest for expediency. For their part, Idealists dream of perfect interpersonal relationships, mutually supportive interactions lifted high above the fray of competition and contention. Fighting in any form is inordinately painful to NFs and they will do whatever is necessary to avoid it or prevent it. Sustaining amicable relationships through conciliation, pacification, facilitation is much more their style.

This is not to say that Idealists are indifferent to acquiring and using better ways and means of pursuing their .goals. Surely they are not at all

resistant to the utility of tools, but these must undergo scrutiny lest there

be some adverse consequence that undermines morale or makes for discon­ tent among their companions. In any enterprise the NFs’ first consideration is always to foster caring human relationships—this seems to them necessary if they are to accomplish their ends. Their ideal is to help the people in their circle get along with each other, even care about each other, and thus work with each other for the good of all.

The Diplomatic Intellect

Diplomacy is the ability to deal with people in a skillful, tactful manner, only here ‘tact’ is not the concrete term I have used to describe the tactile Artisans, but is a metaphor for the interpersonal touch or sensitivity in

which Idealists seem to be both interested and particularly talented. This sensitive way with people shows up so early in NFs that it is tempting to assume they are born with it—born to use their personal empathy and interpersonal skills to improve relations between people. Indeed, while SPs usually become more tactical, SJs more logistical, and NTs more strategic as they grow and mature, NFs become more diplomatic in working with people or personnel—working in both ways, using their eye for pos­ sibilities to develop human potentials, and using their verbal fluency to mediate interpersonal conflicts. With their instinct for seeking common ground, with their ability to interpret each side’s communications in a positive way, with their gift for putting themselves in another’s place, and with their metaphorical language easily and fluidly turning one thing into another, Idealists are well-equipped for the difficult task of influencing people’s attitudes and actions, not only inspiring them to grow, but also settling differences among them, smoothing difficulties—ever looking to enlighten the people around them and to forge unity among them.

Gandhi’s earliest success as a lawyer revealed just this kind of diplomatic intelligence. Having finally persuaded two Indian businessmen to settle a bitter dispute out of court, Gandhi beamed inwardly:

My joy was boundless. I had learnt the true practice of law...to find out the better side of human nature and to enter men’s hearts. I realized that the true function of a lawyer was to unite parties riven asunder.

Needless to say, Gandhi’s is a striking, and uniquely Idealist, view of the practice of law.

The Idealist’s eye is always focused on inclusion, not exclusion, on what gifts people can offer each other, not what walls divide them. In just this all-embracing spirit did Eleanor Roosevelt welcome to the United States a group of refugees from Hitler’s Europe:

We Americans are well aware that this is not a one-sided relationship. We are offering you a home and a haven, to be sure. However, you...are bringing us your skills, your talents, and your cultures. We are grateful to you for broadening our scope and enriching our country which consists of newcomers just like you.

Perhaps Idealists are given to diplomacy because they are so deeply disturbed by division and discrimination. Conflicts and controversies unsettle them, disputes and debates set them on edge, even the Rational’s insistence on clear-cut definitions and discrete categories can seem antagonistic to them. Idealists consider all such differentiations (religious, ethnic, political, logical, and so on) to be artificial impositions onto the common experience of humanity, and they prefer to focus on what they call those “shared experiences” and “universal truths” that project similar talents and potentials into everyone, and that minimize differences. Only rarely do NFs entertain

The Diplomatic Intellect 125 the idea that their global belief that “down deep, everyone’s alike” might itself be an artificial imposition onto the experience of other types.

Interest, Practice, Skill

Any skill is acquired by practice, increasing precisely in the degree it is exercised, and diminishing in the degree it is neglected. Neural cells are like muscle cells; if they aren’t used they lie dormant and even degenerate.

In addition, there is a feedback relation between interest and ability. We improve in doing things we’re interested in doing, and have greater interest in things we do well. Interest reinforces skill, skill reinforces interest, and neither seems to be the starting point. So the Idealists’ lifelong interest in diplomatic action fuels their daily exercise of diplomatic skills, and as diplomatic skill increases so then does interest in it, precisely and exclusively measured by the amount of practice.

Now, in a sense every individual has not one but four IQs, and it is virtually impossible for one person to develop all four of his or her capabilities equally. The kind of operation practiced most develops most, while that practiced least develops least. In normal development the Idealists instinc­ tively practice diplomatic actions far more and far earlier than the others, and therefore end up more highly skilled in diplomacy than in logistics and strategy, and much more than in tactics. Of course, circumstances can sometimes induce Idealists to develop those operations that do not come easily to them, and with lots of practice they can even show a good deal of talent in their short suit, tactics. For example, as adults NFs often try their hand at tactical activities such as gourmet cooking, ceramics, sculpting, painting, or playing a musical instrument, and given enough practice they can come to be quite skilled in these hobbies.

Note in the chart below that the NFs’ diplomatic skills develop far beyond their tactical skills. Also, note that their strategic and logistical skills can be almost equally developed, depending of course on circumstances equalizing the amount of practice they are given.

SP

00 C/J 00 CO r? 00 v- O o 3_& o oro

2

ft *3 e c p i L o - 3 0 0 09 V ! n

NT

T2L o' 3 O vs

SJ

H O 05 o •S’ S tr at eg y o o c/i L o g is tic s 3 o 5* 00

The reason for this potential equality in their second and third suits is that NFs share abstractness of thought and speech with NTs, the strategists, and they share cooperativeness in implementing their goals with the SJs, the logisticals, and so have some interest and aptitude for long-range planning and for managing supplies and services. SPs, by the way, have the same potential as NFs for developing their logistical and strategic skills, but for the opposite reasons: SPs share concrete communication with SJs and utilitarian implementation with NTs. Thus, the NFs and SPs usually end up mirror images of each other in their IQ profile, just as happens in the case of NTs and SJs.

Diplomatic Role Variants

While Idealists all share diplomatic intelligence, they differ significantly among themselves in the sorts of diplomatic roles they feel drawn to practice. In broad terms, Idealists are interested in following the path of what I call the “Mentor” or the “Advocate,” and these lead to four diplomatic role variants, the “Teacher” (ENFJ), the “Counselor” (INFJ), the “Champi­ on” (ENFP), and the “Healer” (INFP), all Idealists in essence, but quite unique in their diplomacy. Consider this chart of the NF diplomatic roles and role variants, mirrored by their most skilled intelligent operations:

|— Teacher [enfj]---Educating—|

r

Mentor--- Developing—iI— Counselor [INFJ]--- Guiding —^

NF Diplomatic R oles---Working with Personnel |— Champion [enfp]--- Motivating —|

*—Advocate--- Mediating— ' ^— Healer [INFP]---Conciliating—^ Diplomatic Mentors

Taking the role of Mentor is deeply satisfying to some Idealists, partic­ ularly the scheduling Idealists, those who prefer a clear agenda or program, and who are comfortable directing others to act or to think in certain ways. Mentoring is the act of developing the mind or mentality of others, and Mentors are so enthusiastic and charismatic—in a word, so inspiring—that without seeming to do so they can help others to grow, kindling in them a passion for learning and guiding them in the search for their true nature. There are other less benign kinds of mental influence, of course, brain­ washing and mind-control, for instance, but fortunately Mentors are diplo­ matic in their directiveness, which means they are ethical and benevolent with others, sensitive to their needs, and wanting the best for them.

The Diplomatic Intellect 127 ways, depending on whether they are inclined to be the outgoing, expressive Teacher or the reserved Counselor.

Teachers are naturally able to take control of almost any group of learners with extraordinary confidence and creativity, as classroom teachers, certainly, but also as journalists, clergy, lecturers, therapists, personnel consultants—in any situation where the quest for learning takes place. These expressive Mentors see themselves less as instructors (installing mental structure) than as educators or facilitators, dreaming up imaginative learning experiences that call forth each learner’s potentials, always with the intention of broadening, edifying, enlightening, illuminating, improving, and refining the attitudes and actions of pupils or students.

Counselors tend to be more private in their style of facilitating personal growth, but they still work enthusiastically with their clients, guiding them along the pathways that their nature allows them to follow. These quiet Mentors have profound insight into the emotional needs of others, a keen intuition about their buried feelings, and they can affect their clients in unconscious ways, encouraging and enabling them to get in touch with themselves. Counselors advise, appeal, prescribe, recommend, shepherd, suggest, urge—all with the intention of helping others discover those things that enhance their well-being.

Diplomatic Advocates

The probing Idealists, those who prefer open-ended experience, and who tend to give information rather than issue directives, take the role of Advocate. To the Idealists, advocating is literally “giving voice” to views and positions, beliefs and causes—ideas that people often can’t put into words for themselves—in order to nurture rapport and understanding be­ tween people. Advocates act on behalf of others, in support of others, serving as their client’s activist, adherent, ambassador, enthusiast, exponent, proponent, supporter—whenever speaking up and standing up for others can help resolve differences and bring about justice. As with mentoring, there are other less honorable kinds of advocating, for example, propagan­ dizing and proselytizing, which emphasize one side against the other. But the NF’s diplomatic advocating is most often done with the hope of mediating disputes and bringing people together.

Advocates work to bring harmony to others in two complementary ways, either as the expressive Champion or the reserved Healer.

Champions are eager to go everywhere and to experience, first hand, all the meaningful things happening in their world. Once these outgoing Advocates have explored issues and events, they are filled with ardent conviction and enthusiastically champion—adopt, embrace, espouse, fight for, and go to bat for—the truth of a cause or an ideal they have come to believe in, all in an effort to motivate (to encourage, even to inspire) others to settle their conflicts and to act justly and wisely.

Healers are deeply committed to personal conciliation, that is, to

preserving or restoring, as the case may be, the wholeness and health of those near and dear to them. Healers are spiritual go-betweens, acting as a bridge between conflicting factions, with the hope of assisting others to find health through inner peace. In this way healing is a matter of acceptance, accommodation, reconciliation, forgiveness, resolution, reunification—all in the interest of mending relationships between people or making whole a divided self. Healers are deeply reserved in nature, and are thus more comfortable working out of the limelight; indeed, they need to retreat periodically to private places to contemplate the mysteries of life, and to regain their own threatened wholeness. But when their ethical view of events thrusts them into public roles, they can be quite effective as leaders, filled as they tend to be with an exalted sense of mission.

Comparing the Diplomatic Role Variants

Every Idealist plays these four roles well, but no one Idealist plays them all equally well. What distinguishes Idealists from one another is the structure of their intellect, that is, their profile of diplomatic roles. Some Mentors are better as Teachers of groups, others as Counselors of individuals, even though teaching and counseling often develop side-by-side in the same person, with Teachers counseling students in and out of class, and Counselors holding group sessions or teaching seminars. In the same way, some Advocates are better as Champions of causes, others as Healers of conflicts, even though Champions want to bring healing to warring factions and Healers are forever championing ideals. Consider the following chart of the four NF role variant profiles:

n n £T H o CO CD CD c 3 8L COo 3_V) T3 rT s r CD o • i o•-» o * 9 *1 O sr 3 X ) o 3 n O tr o p c 3 3Vi "2 o ' O d • i n s* » 3 "2 o' s Teacher

ENFJ HealerINFP

Counselor INFJ

Champion ENFP Notice that the Teachers (ENFJs) are the exact opposite of the Healers (INFPs) in likely diplomatic development, just as the Counselors (INFJs) are exactly opposite of the Champions (ENFPs). Thus Teachers are usually able to help even resistant students learn what they need to do or know, while they are less inclined to heal people in their times of conflict. The

In document UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO UAEM TENANCINGO (página 7-12)