Parte V: Anexos

Plant protection schedules established for all commercially cultivated horticultural crops. Biological control methods standardized for control of mealy bug in grape, scale insects in citrus, rhinoceros beetle and leaf eating caterpillar in coconut. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies in crops like cabbage (diamond back moth), tomato (fruit borer), potato (bacterial forecasting and tuber moth) standardized. Apple scale and potato late blight forecasting systems have been developed. Twenty four IPM packages including those for fruits, plantation and spice crops have also been developed for farmers. Shelf-life of grapes was enhanced with pre-harvest treatment with Chitosan alone or in combination with

Trichoderma. Entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana) and nematode

(Heterorhabditis) were found effective against banana weevils under field conditions. Combined treatment of Paecilomyces lilacinus along with organic amendment, neem cake @ 250g/ plant or FYM @ 500g/plant gave maximum reduction of nematodes in Robusta. Apple scab forecasting system developed has been using computer aided programmes. Integrated disease management schedules involving biocontrol agents like Aspergillus niger (AN 17) and Penicillium citrinum have been identified for the control of guava wilt. Co- cultivation with Curcuma domestica, Allium sativum and Tagetis erecta found effective in reducing the incidence of wilt in guava. Corn meal medium found best for multiplication of guava wilt antagonist (bioagent) Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium

citrinum. Sclerotium wilt of chrysanthemeum controlled by the application of Trichoderma viride (20 g/m2). Similarly, Foot/root rot in gerbera effectively controlled by the application of Benomyl 0.01% + Captan 0.02%, followed by Benomyl 0.01% and Trichoderma viride (20 g/m2).

Use of biocontrol strategy, i.e. Phytophthora tolerant pepper lines, bio-control and chemical control measures have been standardized for pure crop as well as mixed cropping systems. Use of commercial formulation of Bt effective in controlling shoot borer of ginger, turmeric and Metarrhizium sp. and Bauveria sp. in control of root grub of cardamom. Bio-control of different diseases like damping off and soft rot using soil application of VAM, Trichoderma spp. in ginger, turmeric and cardamom of polyhedrosis virus (N-PV) and gramilosis viruses (GV) are important and specific in infecting only certain closely related species of caterpillars attacking various crop plants e.g., tomato and potato. Effective control measures developed for control of rhinoceros beetle using low cost traps as well as pheromones. Technology packages for use of bio-agents like Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum control Poria

hypobrunnea, charcoal stump rot and Brown root rot diseases and Bacillus subtilis for black

rot caused by Corticium sp. developed. In coffee, integrated pest management supplemented by using pheromone traps and parasitoids for control of major pests like coffee berry borer and mealy bugs gave better results. Use of bio-control agents

Trichoderma sp. for root rot disease management in which crop was standardized. Use of

pheromone to attract and kill the adult red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferugineus) in the IPM package. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) technology for Taro leaf blight with with Trichoderma + mulching and May planting of short duration varieties developed. Neem based pesticides found effective in controlling parasitic and competitor moulds of Agaricus

bisporus mushroom.

2.20 POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT

Standardization of pre- and post-harvest chemical treatments to control post harvest diseases in citrus, mango and banana for long distance transport and storage. Post-harvest treatments including pre-cooling, passive evaporative cooling for increasing the shelf-life of fresh fruits, vegetables, floriculture products, processed fruits and vegetables standardized. • Packing materials like Corrugated Fiberboard boxes (CFBs), perforated punnettes, cling

film wraps, sachets, etc. standardized for packaging different fresh horticultural produce. • Poly crates, mess bags, tetrapacks, laminated bags, multi wallpaper, sacks and flexible

packaging substances developed for packaging of fresh and processed products.

• Development of new products like mango fruit kernel as cocoa substitute, essential oils from citrus, fruit wines, dehydrated products from grape, pomegranate, mango, apricot and coconut. Technologies for commercial production of value-added coconut products like vinegar, chips, snowball tender coconut, cream, milk, milk powder and pouched tender coconut water (coco jal) are avaialable.

• Development of multi-purpose copra drier, electronic copra moisture meter and tree climbing device in coconut, technology for manufacturing of disposable plates as well as cups from areca nut. Technology for manufacturing of activated charcoal from coconut shell and extraction of tannins from areca nut developed.

• Protocol for preparation of cashew jam, jelly, candy and juice.

• New blended products in tea like flavoured leaf and in coffee developed.

• A mango grader machine developed and is under commercial adoption by the exporters. This machine has been designed and developed on the basis of physical dimensions and shape of fruits.

• Post-harvest treatments like dip in Prochloraz (0.1%) and hot water treatment at 52ºC for 10 minutes recommended for minimizing post-harvest diseases in mango. Packaging line for Dashehari mango (1 tonne/hour capacity) was standardized for de-sapping, hot water dip, washing, drying and grading operations.

• Protocol for export of Dashehari and Chausa mango has also been developed. The CFB boxes with 0.5% ventilation were found very effective for prolonging the shelf-life in mango.

• Development of harvesters for mango, Kinnow, guava, lemon etc. and machine for their handling procedures available.

• Standardization of pre- and post-harvest chemical treatments to control post-harvest diseases in citrus, mango, banana during long distance transport and storage.

• Post-harvest treatments including pre-cooling, passive evaporative cooling for increasing the shelf-life of fresh fruits and processed fruits standardized.

• Packing materials like jute, laminated bags, multi-wallpaper, sacks and flexible packaging substances developed and being used commercially.

• Technology for canning of vegetables in brine solution and frozen food products like green peas, vegetable sprouts, etc. now common.

• Vase solutions standardized for longer shelf-life in different flowers like rose, gladiolus and carnation. Technology for drying of flowers, essential oil extraction perfected.

• Improved packaging of tea developed by using jute, laminated bags, multi-walled paper sacks and flexible packaging substances. ISO 9000 and HACCP as the package for

quality improvement introduced. Technology for value-added and blended coffee mixe is available for commercial exploitation.

• Biogas generation using rubber latex serum has been perfected and the technique has been commercialized. A semi-automatic cleaning machine for up-gradation of low quality sheet rubber developed. Integrated drying systems incorporating solar, biogas and smoke drying developed.

• Pilot plant-scale production of styrene grafted natural rubber (SGNR) using gamma radiation made and the material found acceptable by the footwear manufacturing industry as a substitute for the synthetic rubber.

2.20.1 New Product Development

• Tetra pack filled fruit juices are now house hold items. Frozen pea, packed mushrooms and baby corn, punnette packed strawberry, etc. are available. Ready-to-cook fresh cut vegetables and dehydrated vegetable greens and mixed vegetables are drawing buyers in urban shopping malls. Coconut water, fruit nectar, RTS, concentrates, are also very popular. Potato chips, spiced flakes and fingers, French fries are fast growing as fast food business.

• Semi-processed products like tomato puree, ginger, garlic and chilli pastes are now available in super markets.

• Commercial extraction of nutraceutical products from different vegetables.

• Recipes for preparation of guava-aonla, jamun-aonla, phalsa-aonla blended RTS drink was standardized.

• Technologies for composting of crop waste, technique for extraction of carotenoids from crude palm oil, fiber extraction from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches developed.