Implementation of the Strategy is essentially linked with processes of environmental protection in all phases of project implementation (preparation, design, implementation and exploitation). Active participation of stakeholders is envisaged, both in the process of preparation of projects for realization (studies, permits, UNESCO approval, etc) and in the process of construction of energy facilities.
Substantially, environmental protection is the process of management of natural and men created resources, which is exactly identical with the development of the energy sector. The Strategy is based on requirements of integral development and to a great extent it supports the concept of Montenegro as an ecological state, while respecting the necessity for economic and other development aspects.
Strategy is not a permit for immediate construction and in that aspect the importance of detailed assessment of impact on environment is particularly significant in the process of project approvals. The analysis of development scenarios considered were the possible effects of global warming (Climate Change), which was estimated as one of critical aspects in this process. Having in mind the significance and effects of global warming in Montenegro, the development of a separate strategy within the Action Plan was recommended.
8.1.
ANALYSIS
OF
ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT
SCENARIOS
FROM
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASPECT
Impact of EES on environment is observed in the Strategy through the prism of emission of pollutants in the environment, which are result of burning of fossil fuels in TPPs in the process of transformation of the heat energy content of fuels into electricity. Substances released as a result of processes in TPPs essentially have negative impact on the environment in two ways:
• Damaging air quality (emission of SO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM), CO, mercury ...),
• Damaging global Earth climate as a result of greenhouse effect (emission of CO2, CH4, N2O...).
In case of construction of new HPPs and related accumulation lakes, it is necessary to develop detailed studies of impact of hydro-energy on the environment, space and natural resources, in terms of environmental impact. Particular researches are required for multi-purpose possibilities to use hydro potentials in order to provide supply of drinking water, development of tourism and pisciculture, irrigation of agriculture land, etc, having in mind the UNESCO declaration on the protection of the Tara River, and other domestic and international guidelines.
In considering the effects of construction of new hydropower facilities (regardless their size) it is necessary not only to consider possible damaging effects, but also positive effects which are present in such cases (recommendation is related to aspects of environmental protection, as well as on social, economic and other effects).
8.2.
EMISSION OF POLUTANTS OF ELECTRO-ENERGETIC FACILITIES
In calculating emissions released into the environment certain values of emission factors have been assumed for existing and for future potential TPPs, for following four pollutants: carbon dioxide (CO2),
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF MONTENEGRO BY 2025 WHITE BOOK
CO2 emission: Emission of CO2 mostly follows the dynamics of electricity generation in TPPs; in this
respect the start of the operation of the 2nd unit of the TPP Pljevlja in 2011 could be clearly noticed. Commencement of the operation of the TPP Pljevlja 2 will increase annual emission from the EES to the level of 2.9 million tons. It should be noted that the orientation to use hydro potentials, the CO2 problem
will be resolved in indirect manner, since the generation of revenue would be realized through the form of activities that do not generate additional quantities of CO2. In other words, the proposed Strategy
represents an active contribution of Montenegro to efforts made in the world and Europe in resolving the problem of greenhouse gases (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Emission CO2 0 1 2 3 4 5 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Mt
Source: Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, IREET Institute: Plan for development of EESof the Republic of Montenegro.
SO2 Emission: In case of SO2 emission a sharp drop could be noticed in 2010, due to the assumption
that the system for desulphurization will be installed in the existing unit of TPP Pljevlja. After that an additional increase of emission will take place as a result of start of operation of the second unit at the same location in 2011, after which expected annual level of SO2 emissions is at 10.7 thousand tons.
(Figure 6). Figure 6: Emission SO2 0 5 10 15 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 kt
Source: Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, IREET Institute: Plan for development of EESof the Republic of Montenegro.
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF MONTENEGRO BY 2025 WHITE BOOK
NOx Emission: In case of NOx emissions similar trend could be noticed as in the case of emission of CO2, with increases in those years in which new TPPs start to operate. Construction of TPP Pljevlja 2
increases the emission of NOx to approximately 3.7 thousand tons annually. (Figure 7). Figure7: Emission NOX 0 1 2 3 4 5 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 kt
Source: Energetic Institute Hrvoje Požar, IREET Institute: Plan for Development of EES of the Republic of Montenegro.
Particulate matter emission: In case of emission of particulate matter, a trend of significant reduction is visible, as a result of installation of equipment in the existing facilities of TPP Pljevlja for reduction of emission and construction of new facilities in accordance with EU Directives requirements. In line with those assumptions, emission of particulate matter from the 1st unit records a drastic drop from
the level of 4.6 thousand tons in 2009, to the level of 1.3 thousand tons. (Figure 8). Figure 8: Particulate matter emission
0 1 2 3 4 5 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 kt
Source: Energetic Institute Hrvoje Požar, IREET Institute: Plan for Development of EES of the Republic of Montenegro.
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF MONTENEGRO BY 2025 WHITE BOOK
8.3.
ENERGY INFRASTRUCTUREAND SPATIAL PLANNING
Energy infrastructure requires space for its development. Montenegro does not have high population density, has rich and preserved cultural heritage, various habitats and a number of areas of intact nature. Montenegro will most likely in the future become a part of the strategic network of Trans-European energy networks, as defined in the European Commission Decision 1254/96/EC. Trans-European energy networks are used for increase of energy exchange among EU member countries and for removal of barriers. In the area of electricity supply cross-border connections for trading options are in the range of about 7% of power generation capacities of an individual country. The goal of the EU community is for community countries to establish interconnection capacities at the average of minimum 10%.
Similar directions apply for gas supply networks as well. Montenegro intends to be involved in future in realization of European energy network projects (e.g. Ionian-Adriatic gas pipeline) which routes should cross its territory.
The process of finalization of the Spatial Plan and Strategy for development of energy sector should be synchronized and conditions should be provided for developmental options in accordance with optimum and ecologically acceptable conditions for use of space.
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF MONTENEGRO BY 2025 WHITE BOOK