Pastoral familiar 38

Purpose Of Speech In One Line

The first step in writing a speech is to work out, in one line, what the speech is intended to convey. This line should bring together all of the arguments and points that will be made in the speech.

For example, the purpose of a speech given to a neutral but interested audience of students about Israel's attempts to make peace at Camp David (2000) might be 'To persuade the audience that Israel has made extensive attempts to achieve peace, and that these attempts have failed has not primarily been Israel's fault'. This one line purpose will then drive the rest of the speech. Everything in the speech should be based on driving home the one simple message

('Israel has tried to make peace, and the fact it hasn't managed isn't Israel's fault') that the purpose contains. The message a speech gives should be agenda setting, and not a response to the arguments others bring. Once the purpose of the speech is clear, the rest is much easier to prepare. Working out the purpose should be done before too much work is done on writing the actual speech, in order to keep the speech sharp and the message simple.

Remember that the purpose of a speech is dependent upon the audience. It is possible to convey a more complex message to a sophisticated audience. Where an audience will consist of many people who are opponents of Israel, remember that the purpose and message of a speech is better aimed at neutral listeners and allies.

Attention Grabber

A speech should have a good attention grabber to get the ball rolling. A visual cue, or a surprising and interesting opening line work to engage the audience.

Organize Content

It is important not to try and do too much in a speech. Limit yourself to a few major points, all contributing to the one message of your speech. Arrange the points into clear sections.

Clear organization is very important. Most people have a hard time understanding speeches, as it is hard to organize information into chunks without an idea of the overall structure of the speech. Clear organization allows listeners to sort information as they receive it, instead of always wondering why a speaker is saying what they are saying. If sections of a speech are well organized, and if listeners are told in advance what the sections are going to be, they are able to create a mental map of the speech they are listening to, in order to sort the information well. Transitions

It is important to provide clear transitions between sections of a speech. This is to help listeners know how to sort the information that they are receiving, and to allow them to tune back in if a certain section bored them or if their attention got lost.

Without clear transitions one runs the risk of losing listeners near the start of a speech (because they don't know how to sort the information they are getting) and never grabbing their attention again (because there is no suitable re-entry point). Suitable ways of signalling a transition from one section of a speech to the next include:

Use bridging words or phrases ("finally"; "to sum up these ideas"; "now, moving on"). Tell a personal story, to break up the speech and draw people back in.

Use a visual prompt like an overhead, with something that sums up what was said. Pause, take a breath, and look at the audience.

Change positions to grab attention (for example move to the front of the stage and keep talking).

Set out what is going to be said in the next section ("Now I am going to move on to talk about Israel's attempts to make peace. This will consist of three parts. First, I'm going to tell you about Israeli offers of land for peace. Second…").

British Prime Minister Tony Blair's special: "and I say to you…"

Make sure that transitions aren't too short. If listeners don't know how to 'sort' what is being said, they will stop listening. Transitions should make up a sizable part (around 10%?) of a speech. It is better to say a little and be well understood than to say a lot but be ignored.

Personal Stories And Humour

Powerful speeches engage the emotions. Personal stories, or stories told from a human dimension, can often do this well. What better way to make a point about victims of terror than to tell a story about them? More powerful than telling a story about a child in hospital who might never walk again is telling a story about one's own visit to see that child in hospital, and how sad it was to see it. This, rightly or wrongly, gets the audience to tune in, listen, and take notice. It is much easier to listen to a story, especially an emotionally charged one, than to listen to abstract concepts. Stories make powerful points and get the audience's attention. (Just think - would Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech have been as powerful if he had said 'many people rightfully demand'?)

Jokes can often liven up a presentation. Obviously remember that not everybody is good at delivering jokes. For those people who aren't, it is often better not to bother. A bad joke is definitely worse than no joke at all. Moreover, jokes aren't always suitable - don't tell jokes about terrorism, Palestinian children, or other sensitive subjects, unless (or even if) you are sure that the audience will be receptive. Finally, avoid making fun of the audience. Although it might get a laugh from some people, others are bound to be offended.

Effective Language

Once the bulk of a speech has been written, transition points added, and a few personal stories and jokes inserted to liven things up, it is worth going through the speech to make the language

more powerful. Most professional speechwriters use a couple of common tricks to make their speeches effective:

When listing things, use lists of three. For some reason, these sound better and are easily remembered. Master politician Tony Blair used it on his way to a landslide election victory when he said that the British Labour party's priorities for government would be 'education, education, education'.

Use inflected pairs. That is, repeat a line twice, but with a subtle change. For example, in John F. Kennedy's inaugural address: "ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country."

Make Notes Or Cards

Once a speech has been written, it needs to be put into a format that is easy to read. Many people need the full text of a speech printed out to read. For reading from paper, print with double spacing, and insert 'stage directions' (such as when to pause, when to use visual cues) in bold. The danger of reading a speech from paper is that it can prevent the reader from making eye contact, and seem clumsy. Make sure that a speech is delivered with plenty of pauses and eye contact if read from paper.

Index cards can be used to record major points to be made, and then used to deliver a speech. This is only suitable for those who are comfortable speaking in public, and who know the subject matter well enough to talk about it without knowing in advance exactly what they are going to say.

When preparing a long speech, try to make a condensed version of the same speech, for use at another time, or in case of problems at the event itself.

ADDITIONAL PREPARATION