5. “W h e re’s D an?” “H e’s _______________________ . T here w ere a few things he needed to buy.”
, _
No, it isn’t far. It’s not w orth ta k in g a ta x i_______________ . There’s no u s e __________________________________ . He won’t be able to do anything.
Well, stay at home! There’s no p o in t____________ _______________________ if you don’t want to. No, don’t waste your tim e ________________________ now. She w on’t be home.
No, it’s not w o rth ________________________________. Nobody will do anything about it.
No, I’m usually too b u sy ______ care o f the kids. No, let’s throw them away. They’re not worth
U N I T
62
To . . . , f o r . . . , and so t h a t . . . (Purpose)
W e use to . . . to say w hy som ebody does som ething (= the purpose o f an action): ■ “W hy are you going out?” “To m a il a letter.”
■ A friend o f m ine called to in v ite m e to a party. ■ We shouted to w a r n everybody o f the danger. W e use to . . . to say why som ething exists (= its purpose):
■ This fence is to k e e p people ou t o f the yard.
■ T he president has a team o f bodyguards to p r o t e c t him.
W e use to . . . to say w hat can be done or m ust be done w ith som ething:
■ It’s hard to find a p la c e to p a r k dow ntow n. (= a place w here you can park) ■ W ould you like s o m e th in g to eat?
■ D o you have m u c h w o r k to do? (= w ork that you m ust do) ■ I get lonely if there’s n o b o d y to ta lk to.
■ I need s o m e th in g to o p e n this bottle w ith .
Also m o n e y / t im e /c h a n c e /o p p o r t u n it y / e n e r g y / c o u r a g e , etc. to (do som ething):
■ T hey gave us s o m e m o n e y to b u y some food.
■ D o you have m u c h o p p o r tu n ity to p r a c tic e your English? ■ I need a fe w days to t h i n k about your proposal.
F o r . . . and to . . . Com pare:
f o r + noun:
■ I’m going to Spain fo r a v a c a tio n . ■ W h at would you like f o r d in n e r? ■ Let’s go to the pool f o r a sw im .
to + verb:
I’m going to Spain to le a r n Spanish.
(not for learn, not for learning)
W h at w ould you like to eat? Let’s go to the pool to h av e a swim. You can say “f o r (somebody) to (do som ething)”:
■ T here w eren’t any chairs f o r us to s it o n , so we had to sit on the floor.
You can use f o r - in g or to . . . to talk about the general purpose o f som ething, or w hat it is generally used for:
■ D o you use this brush f o r w ash in g the dishes? (or. . . to w a sh the dishes?) You can use W h a t . . . fo r? to ask about purpose:
■ W h a t is this switch fo r? ■ W h a t did you do that fo r? So th a t
Som etim es you have to use so t h a t for purpose. W e use so th a t (not to . . . ) especially
w hen the purpose is negative (so t h a t . . . w o n ’t / w o u l d n ’t):
■ I hurried so th a t I w o u l d n ’t be late. (= because I didn’t w ant to be late) ■ Leave early so th a t you w o n ’t (or d o n ’t) miss the bus.
w ith c a n and c o u ld (so t h a t . . . c a n /c o u ld ) :
■ She’s learning English so th a t she c a n study in Canada.
Exercises
U N I
62.1 Choose from Box A and Box B to make a new sentence with to . . . . A 1. I shouted B I want to keep warm
2. I had to go to the bank I wanted to report that my car had been stolen 3. I’m saving money I want to go to Canada
4. I went into the hospital I had to have an operation 5. I’m wearing two sweaters I needed to get some money
6. I called the police I wanted to warn people of the danger--
1. / s h o u te d to w a r n p e o p le o f th e danger._____________________________________________________ 2. I had to go to the b a n k _____________________________________________ _____________ 3. I _____ 4. _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 5. _______________________________________________________________________________
6.
_
62.2 Complete these sentences using appropriate verbs.
1. T he president has a team o f bodyguards to p r o t e c t him.
2. I didn’t have enough t i m e the new spaper today. 3. I took a taxi hom e. I didn’t have the e n e rg y _______________________ .
4. “W ould you like so m e th in g _______________________ ?” “Yes. A cup o f coffee, please.” 5. W e need a b a g ______________________ these things in.
6. T here will be a m eeting next w e e k _______________________ the problem . 7. I wish we had enough m o n e y _______________________ another car.
8. I saw Kelly at the party, bu t we didn’t have a c h a n c e ______________________ to each other.
9. I need some new clothes. I don’t have anything n i c e _______________ . 10. T hey’ve ju st passed their exams. T hey’re having a party .
11. I can’t do all this w ork alone. I need so m eb o d y _______________________ me.
62.3 Put in to or for.
1. I’m going to Spain fo r a vacation.
2. You need a lot o f ex p e rien ce______________ this job. 3. You need a lot o f ex p e rien ce______________ do this job. 4. W e’ll need m ore t i m e _______________make a decision. 5. I w ent to the d e n tis t_______________ a check-up.
6. I had to pu t on my glasses_______________ read the letter. 7. Do you have to w ear glasses_______________reading?
8. I wish we had a y a r d _______________the c h ild re n play in.
62.4 Write sentences with so that.
1. I hurried. I didn’t w ant to be late.
/ h u r r ie d so t h a t / w o u /d n 't b e late.__________________________________ 2. I w ore w arm clothes. I didn’t w ant to be cold.
I w o r e ______ ;_________________________________________________________ 3. I left Dave my phone num ber. I w anted him to be able to contact me.
I____________________________________________________
4. W e whispered. W e didn’t w ant anybody else to hear our conversation. . n o b o d y .
5. Please arrive early. W e w ant to be able to start the m eeting on time.
P le a se ____
6. Jennifer locked the door. She didn’t w ant to be disturbed. 7. I slowed down. I w anted the car behind m e to be able to pass.
U N I T
63
Adjective + to . . .
H a r d to u n d e r s ta n d , etc. C om pare sentences (a) and (b):
■ Jim doesn’t speak very clearly.
(a) It is h a r d to u n d e r s ta n d him . (b) H e is h a r d to u n d e r s ta n d . Sentences (a) and (b) have the same m eaning. N ote that we say:
■ H e is hard to u n d e r s ta n d . (not H e is hard to understand him.) You can use the same structures with:
easy d i f f i c u l t safe
e x c itin g
ex p e n siv e im p o s s ib le d a n g e ro u s
c h e a p n ic e g o o d in te r e s tin g ■ D o you think it is safe (for us) to d r i n k th is w a te r?
D o you think this w ater is safe (for us) to d rin k ? (not to drink it)
■ T he questions on the exam w ere very difficult. It was im p o s s ib le to a n s w e r th e m . T he questions on the exam were very difficult. They w ere im p o s s ib le to an sw e r.
(not to answer them )
■ Jill has lots o f interesting ideas. It’s i n te r e s tin g to ta lk to her. Jill is in te r e s tin g to ta lk to. (not to talk to her.)
You can also use this structure w ith adjective + noun'.
■ This is a d i f f i c u l t q u e s tio n (for me) to an sw e r. (not to answer it) (It’s) n ic e o f (you) to . . .
You can say, “It’s n ic e o f som ebody to do som ething”:
■ It was n ic e o f y o u to ta k e me to the airport. T hank you very m uch. You can use many other adjectives in this way. For example:
careless k in d m e a n c o n s id e r a te fo o lis h s tu p id g e n e ro u s u n f a ir It’s fo o lis h o f M a ry to q u it her jo b w hen she needs the money.
I think it was very u n f a ir o f h i m to c r itic iz e me. I ’m s o rry to . . . / I w as s u rp ris e d to . . . , etc.
You can use adjective + to . . . to say how som ebody reacts to som ething: ■ I was s o rry to h e a r that your father is ill.
You can use m any other adjectives in this way. For example:
h a p p y d is a p p o in te d g la d s u rp ris e d p le a s e d a m a z e d ■ Was Julia s u rp ris e d to see you?
■ It was a long and tiring trip. W e w ere g la d to g e t hom e.
sad re lie v e d
T h e f ir s t (person) to k n o w / th e n e x t (train) to a rriv e
You can use to . . . after th e f ir s t / s e c o n d / t h i r d , etc., and also after th e last, th e n e x t, th e c ■ If I have any m ore news, you will be th e f ir s t (person) to k n o w .
■ T h e n e x t plane to a rriv e at gate 4 will be Flight 268 from Bogota. ■ Everybody was late except me. I was th e o n ly one to a rriv e on time. You can say that som ething is s u r e /c e r t a i n / l i k e l y /b o u n d to happen:
■ Carla is a very good student. She’s b o u n d to pass the exam. (= she is sure to pass) ■ I’m lik e ly to g e t hom e late tonight. (= I will probably get hom e late)
53.1 (Section A) Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown.
1. It’s hard to understand him. H e /s h a rd to understand.
2. It’s easy to use this m achine. This m achine i s _____________ 3. It was very difficult to open the window. The w in d o w ________________ 4. It’s impossible to translate some words. Some w o rd s ________________ 5. It’s expensive to m aintain a car. A .
Exercises
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6. It’s not safe to stand on that chair. T h a t .
53.2 (Section A) Complete the second sentence. Use the adjective in parentheses. Use adjective + noun and to . . . as in the example.
1. I couldn’t answer the question, (difficult) It was a d ifficu lt c/uestion to answer.________ 2. Everybody makes that mistake, (easy) It’s a n _____________________________________ 3. I like living in this place, (nice) It’s a _______________________________________ 4. We enjoyed w atching the game, (good) It was a ___________________________________
t3.3 (Section B) Make a new sentence beginning I t . . . . Use one of these adjectives each time:
careless in c o n s id e ra te -k in d n ic e
1. Sue has offered to help me. It's kin d o f S ue to o ffe r to help me.____________________________ 2. You m ake the same mistake again and again.
I t ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. D an and Jenny invited me to stay w ith them .
4. The neighbors m ake so m uch noise at night.