Peligros Físicos

 Arteriosclerosis – a condition in which there is thickening and hardening of the arteries

 Atrium – the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood coming in from the veins

 Chamber – the empty space of the heart where blood is contained

 Chest Cavity – a hollow space in the body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart

 Chronic Disease – any illness that is prolonged in duration, does not often resolve suddenly, and is rarely treated completely

 Coronary – relating to, or affecting the heart

 Diaphragm–a large flat muscle that separates the lungs from the stomach area and that is used in breathing

 Emphysema – a type of pulmonary disease involving damage to the airsacs

 Pulmonary – relating to, or affecting the lungs

 Pulse – the number of times the heart beats per minute

 Vascular – relating to the blood vessels, which includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins

 Ventricle – the lower chamber of the heart that squeezes blood out into the arteries

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References

Printed Materials:

Rabago, L., et.al, (2010). Functional Biology - Modular Approach. 2nd ed. Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc

Strauss, E; Lisowski, M., (2003). Biology: The Web of Life. 2nd ed. Philippines: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd..

Electronic Sources:

(DepEd Materials)

BEAM: Biology – Organ System – Circulatory System

EASE Biology M11 Energy Producing & Distributing Systems, Lessons 2 & 3 APEX Biology – Unit IV, The Organ Systems, Lessons 11 & 12

(Online Resources)

DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and Animation Site. 2013. Blood circulation. [online] Available at: http://www.dnatube.com/video/2864/Blood-circulation [Accessed: October 10].

Fi.edu.(2013). Body Systems: Pulmonary System - The Human Heart: An Online Exploration from The Franklin Institute, made possible by Unisys. [online] Available at:

http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/pulmonary.html [Accessed: October 8, 2013].

Home Training Tools, Ltd. (2013). Heart Pump Project. [online] Available at:

http://www.hometrainingtools.com/make-a-heart-pump-science-project/a/1852/. [Last Accessed October 2, 2013].

Smm.org. 2013. Habits of the Heart. [online] Available at:

http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/movs/heartPump.htm [Accessed: October 4, 2013]

Sumanasinc.com. 2013. Animation. [online] Available at:

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/humanheart.html [Accessed: October 7, 2013]

The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. The Heart Activity. [online] Available at:

http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/health_fitness/gln_health_fitness_zone/p df/heart_rate_monitor_activities/the_heart/the_heart_activity_2.pdf.

[Last Accessed October 4, 2013].

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1

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Learning Module No._____________ Number of Sessions (Time Allotment)____________

Overview

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

In Grade 8, you learned that cells divide to produce new cells and meiosis is one of the processes producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of inheritance. In Grade 9, you will focus on describing the location of genes in chromosomes, explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance and describe the molecular structure of the DNA.

Gregor Mendel’s principles form the base for the understanding of heredity and variation. Although Mendel’s work failed to discuss thoroughly the ‘factors’ or genes he mentioned in his laws of inheritance, his findings prompted other scientists to probe further into the mystery of heredity. Several researches were conducted after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work.

Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri became popular because they found the best evidence that an inherited trait is determined by chromosomes. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance explained that genes are in the chromosomes.

Mendelian laws of inheritance have important exceptions to them. For example, not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles.

In this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance

a. Identify characters whose inheritance does not conform with predicted outcomes based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance;

b. Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance, codominance multiple alleles and sex-linked traits.

c. Identify the law that was not strictly followed in the non-Mendelian inheritance 2. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes.

a. Explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance.

UNIT 1

Module 2

Suggested Time Allotment: 8 to 10 hrs

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2 b. Identify the components of a DNA molecule

As you work on different activities in this module, you should be able to answer the following key questions:

Before you start with the module, be sure to answer the pre-assessment questions.

Pre-Assessment :

Answer briefly the following questions:

1. Pink four o’clock flowers are obtained from a cross between pure bred red flower plant and white flower plant. What is the genotype of the pink flowers?

________________________________________________

2. The structure of the DNA is actually in a double helix arrangement. The nitrogen bases in each of the chain can only pair with specific bases, like adenine pairs only with thymine and cytosine pairs only with guanine. If the left chain of a DNA molecule has the nucleotide sequence CCGTAGGCC, what is the sequence of the right chain of the DNA molecule?___________________________________________

3. Read the given problem.

In some aliens, one center horn (A) is codominant with two horns (B). If an alien inherits both alleles (AB), then the alien has three horns. A recessive allele (O) results in an alien which has no horns. Can you match the genotype to each of the pictures below? Write the genotype and phenotype of the four aliens in the box provided.

Source: (image) www.biologycorner.com

1. 2. 3. 4.

 How is non-Mendelian inheritance different from Mendel’s observations?

 What is the role of DNA in the transmission of traits?

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3 In the Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the recessive gene are not observed when the dominant gene is present. In this lesson, you will find out that certain traits do not always follow the Mendelian principles of heredity.

1. Incomplete Dominance

In incomplete dominance, a heterozygote shows a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Neither allele is dominant over the other.

An example of incomplete dominance is flower color in four o’clock plant, like those shown in Figure 1. When a pure red-flowered four o’clock plant is crossed with a pure white-flowered four o’clock plant, the offspring will produce neither red nor white flowers. Instead, all flowers will be pink.

 Do you think the alleles blended to make pink?

In incomplete dominance, it is only the phenotype that is intermediate. The red and white alleles remain separate and distinct. Half the gametes of the pink four o’clock carry the allele for red and half carry the allele for white. Therefore, the genotypic ratio also becomes the phenotypic ratio.

Source: buffonescience9.wikispaces

Figure 1. Punnett square showing a cross between red and white four o’clock flowers

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4 Now, work on this activity to help you understand better incomplete dominance.

Activity 1 Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete