El perdón y la reconciliación en la construcción de paz

A mobile elevated work platform is any telescoping, scissor or articulating equipment used to position personnel, materials or equipment at height. Mobile elevated work platforms consist of a platform surrounded by an edge protection system. The protected platform is used to position persons at work areas. Mobile elevated work platforms are available in a wide variety of types and sizes. They include scissor lifts and boom lifts as shown below. There are battery powered and internal combustion engine types. Some are designed for hard flat surfaces only, while others are designed for operation on rough terrain. Hazards of MEWP

• Untrained operator • Uneven ground surface • Unclear controls

• Adverse weather conditions • Defective equipment

• Contact with overhead structures / electrical lines • Vehicular hazards

The potential accidents that could occur would be falling from height, falling objects and collapse of MEWP, caught in between structures, electrocution, struck by moving vehicles

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R 57 Scaffold and work platform erected on cantilever or jib support

“cantilever or jib support” includes any structure, including a bracket or beam, that projects beyond a fulcrum or point of attachment and that is not supported directly from the ground or floor below. ¶

No cantilever or jib support shall be used unless — ¶

<#>the scaffold is adequately supported, fixed and anchored on the support to prevent displacement; and ¶ <#>the cantilever or jib support has outriggers of adequate length and cross section and is constructed in accordance with the design and drawings of a professional engineer. ¶ ¶

No work platform resting on bearers let into a wall at one end and which does not have other support shall be used unless the bearers pass through the wall and are of adequate strength and securely fastened on the other side of the wall. ¶

R 58 Scaffold supported by buildings or other structures

No part of a building or other structure shall be used as support for any part

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Engineering Control • Cordoning of work area

• installation of truck mounted attenuator (TMA) while working on roads more than 70km/h

Administrative Control

• Inspected by an Authorised Examiner at once in every 6 months. • Marked with a safe working load limit or maximum rate capacity notice • Operators of boom lifts should be properly trained and competent for the job. • Sufficient clearance should be maintained between structures and electrical lines. • Should not be used in high wind conditions or where there is risk of lightning. • Should only be used on a solid level surface

• A pre-operation inspection must be performed by the operator before usage. • There must be no unauthorised alteration or modification of the mobile elevated work

platform or any of its safety devices or functions.

• The use of planks, ladders or any other devices on the work platforms for the purpose of achieving additional height or reach is strictly prohibited.

• Follow the Land Transport Authority (LTA) - Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone while working on the roads - re-directing of traffic flow, placement of warning lights, signage and traffic controllers

Personal Protective Equipment

• Operators working in boom lifts should wear a suitably anchored safety harness. Anchoring to nearby poles or equipment outside the work platform is prohibited. Personnel required to climb out of an elevated boom lift onto an elevated facility structure shall utilise 100 percent tie-off procedures during the transition from the boom lift cage to the elevated work location, (i.e. personnel must anchor to a fall rated facility anchorage point prior to disconnecting their lanyard attached to the aerial boom lift cage).

• Luminous vests to enhance visibility while working near roads

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Suspended cages are personnel carrying devices, designed for attachment to a crane, to provide a working area for a person who is elevated by, and works from the cage. Suspended cages consist of a platform surrounded by an edge protection system. Hazards

• Inadequate cage design • Movement of crane • Not wearing harness • Adverse weather conditions

• Contact with overhead structures / electrical lines • Vehicular hazards

The potential accidents that could occur would be falling from height.

For detailed guidance on the use of suspended cages, please refer to Approved Code of Practice Singapore Standard CP 63: 1996 (2005) – Code of Practice for the Lifting of Persons in Work Platforms Suspended from Cranes.

Risk Control Engineering Control

• Design and construction of the work platform shall be in accordance to CP63. • Mobile cranes should be blocked at all times when using a suspended cage. • Tag lines shall be used where practical.

• cordoning of work area

• installation of truck mounted attenuator (TMA) while working on roads more than 70km/h

Administrative Control

• Inspected by an Authorised Examiner at once in every 6 months. • Marked with a safe working load limit or maximum rate capacity notice

• Total weight of loaded platform shall not > 50% of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the crane

• No. of personnel allowed on the platform shall not exceed 2. Personnel shall be considered as weighing 100 kg (including tools) each.

• Persons should only access the suspended cage when the suspended cage is not suspended and the surrounding area has space to provide access to or from the suspended cage.

• People using the suspended cage should only be allowed to enter or leave the suspended cage from the ground or solid construction.

• The crane’s free fall facility should not be operated in the hoist motion while the crane is supporting a suspended cage carrying people.

• Lifting and lowering speed shall not exceed 0.5 m/s. Crane operator to remain at control at all times when personnel are in the platform.

• The suspended cage and crane should only be accessed by qualified personnel. • Communication shall be maintained with personnel throughout the lifting operation. • Sufficient clearance should be maintained between structures and electrical lines. • Should not be used in high wind conditions or where there is risk of lightning. • Should only be used on a solid level surface

Personal Protective Equipment

• People using the suspended cage should wear a safety harness and lanyard anchored to the crane hook.

Ladders are used in most of the trades. The hazards of ladders are as follows: • Uneven ground surface

• Defective ladders • Unstable ladders • Unsecured ladders • Wrong method of climbing • Carrying materials while climbing • Performing heavy duty works • Standing on top rung

The potential accidents that could occur would be falling from height. Legislation

WSH (Construction) Regulations R 43 - Construction

Ensure that the ladder is of good construction, sound material and adequate strength for the purpose for which it is used.

R 44 - Resting surface and prevention against slipping

The surface upon which any ladder rests or bears upon when used by a person using a ladder to carry out any work in a worksite shall be stable; level and firm; and of sufficient strength to safely support the ladder and any person or load intended to be placed on it. Every ladder in a worksite shall be positioned and securely fixed when used by any person carrying out any work so as to prevent slipping, swaying or sagging. If such fixing is impracticable, the ladder shall be held in place by a person.

R 45 - Landing place

Every ladder or run of ladders used by any person carrying out any work which rises a vertical distance of over 9 metres shall, if practicable, be provided with an intermediate landing place so that the vertical distance between any 2 successive landing places shall not exceed 9 metres. Every landing place shall be provided with sufficient and suitable guard-rails to prevent falls. Where a vertical ladder used by any person carrying out any work in a worksite rises a vertical distance of more than 3 metres, there shall be provided a safety cage or other practicable measures to prevent fall of persons.

Risk Control Elimination

• Use mobile elevated work platforms. Substitution

• A step platform is a safer alternative to a step ladder. Engineering control

• Securing the ladder at the top and / or bottom Administrative control

• Another person to hold the ladder • Safe work procedure

• Inspection programme

• Proper angle of placement - approximately a quarter of the vertical height of the ladder. • atleast one meter above the place of landing

• maintain three points of contact at all times, e.g. two feet and one hand or two hands and one foot.

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Copyright © 2012 NTUC LearningHub Pte Ltd. All rights reserved 75 • Step and trestle ladders should only be used when they are in the fully open position. • Use a 2-person team to transport ladders that are greater than 2m in height

Personal Protective Equipment • Anti- slip resistant footwear

In document El perdón en mujeres víctimas de crímenes de Estado en la construcción de paz. Karla del Pilar Trujillo Calderón (página 41-46)