los relatos de Caín y Abel, y de Judit
4. Permisión y justificación de la violencia
The extant literature has estimated the benefits of several transportation investments, for example, rail line, rail stations, and freeways. However published literature has not estimated the impact of TODs on surrounding communities. This study fills this significant research gap by estimating the impact of four San Francisco Bay Area suburban TODs on surrounding home prices. However, the development of TODs, especially suburban TODs, is a national phenomenon. Future research can examine the impact of suburban TODs outside the San Francisco Bay Area. This would further the research in two important ways. First, as the number of TODs examined increases, the generalizability of the findings would increase. For example, if several studies conducted across the nation find that the suburban TODs in general do not negatively impact the surrounding home prices, this will go a long way toward garnering support for the development of the suburban TODs. Second, once the number of TODs studied reaches a critical mass, the next step could be to identify the design- and/or policy-features that determine the effect of the TOD on the surrounding community. We hope this study is a significant, albeit small, step in that direction.
73
ENDNOTES
Executive Summary
1. California Department of Transportation, “Statewide Transit-Oriented Development Study Factors for Success in California,”
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/MassTrans/Docs-Pdfs/TOD-Study-Final-Rpt.pdf (accessed 08/08/2008).
2. Douglas Porter, Transit Focused Development: A Synthesis of Practice,
(Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1997).
3. Robert Cervero, Christopher Ferrell and Steven Murphy, Transit Oriented Development and Joint Development in the United States: A Literature Review, (Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, Transit Cooperative Research Program: Research Results Digest, 2002): 52.
4. Melvin Webber, “The BART Experience: What Have We Learned?” Public Interest 12:3 (1976): 79–108.
5. Cervero, Ferrell and Murphy.
6. Richard Voith, “Changing Capitalization of CBD-Oriented Transportation Systems:
Evidence from Philadelphia, 1970–1988.” Journal of Urban Economics 13 (1993):
361–376.
7. John Landis, Subhrajit Guhathakurta and Ming Zhang, “Capitalization of Transportation Investments into Single-Family Home Prices: A Comparative Analysis of Five California Rail Transit Systems,” (Berkeley, CA: University of California Transportation Center, 1994).
8. Christopher Ferrell, The Effects of Light Rail Transit on Land Use and Property Values, (San Jose, CA: Master’s Planning Report, San Jose State University, Urban and Regional Planning Department, 1995).
9. Robert Cervero and Michael Duncan, “Benefits of Proximity to Rail on Housing Markets: Experiences in Santa Clara County,” Journal of Public Transportation 5:1 (2002): 1–18.
10. Dean Gatzlaff and Marc Smith, “The Impact of the Miami Metrorail on the Value of Residences Near Station Locations,” Land Economics 69:1 (1993): 54–66.
11. Arthur Nelson, “Effects of Elevated Heavy Rail Transit Stations on House Prices with Respet to Neighborhood Income,” Transportation Research Record 1359 (1992):
127–132.
12. Steven Lewis-Workman and Daniel Brod, “Measuring the Neighborhood Benefits of Rail Transit Accessibility,” Transportation Research Record 1576 (1997): 147–153.
13. Robert Cervero and John Landis, “Twenty-Years of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System: Land Use and Development Impacts,” Transportation Research A 31:4 (1997): 309–333.
74 Endnotes
14. Rachel Weinberger, “Commercial Property Values and Proximity to Light Rail:
Calculating Benefits with a Hedonic Price Model.” 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. (Washington DC: National Research Council, 2000).
15. Cervero, Ferrell and Murphy, 59.
16. Sherwin Rosen, “Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition,” Journal of Political Economy 82:1 (1974): 34–55.
Literature Review
17. Vladimir Bajic, “The Effects of a New Subway Line on Housing Prices in Metropolitan Toronto,” Urban Studies 20:2 (1983): 147–158.
18. Parsons Brinkerhoff, “The Effect of Rail Transit on Property Values: A Summary of Studies,” http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/public/download/bestpractice162 (accessed 08/08/2008).
19. Nelson.
20. Daniel Hess and Tangerine Almeida, “Impact of Proximity to Light Rail Rapid Transit on Station-area Property Values in Buffalo, New York,” Urban Studies 44:5/6 (2007):
1041–1068.
21. Nelson.
22. John Benjamin and Stacy Sirmans, “Mass Transportation, Apartment Rent and Property Values,” Journal of Real Estate Research 12:1 (1996): 1–8.
23. Gatzlaff and Smith.
24. Ferrell.
25. John Langley, “Adverse impacts of the Washington beltway on residential property values,” Land Economics 52:1 (1976): 42–53.
26. Cervero and Landis.
27. Landis, Guhathukaurta and Zhang.
28. Jon Strand and Mette Vågnes, “The relationship between property values and railroad proximity: a study based on hedonic prices and real estate brokers' appraisals,” Transportation 28:2 (2001): 137–156.
29. Robert Armstrong and Daniel Rodríguez, “An Evaluation of the Accessibility Benefits of Commuter Rail in Eastern Massachusetts using Spatial Hedonic Price Functions,”
Transportation 33:1 (2006): 21–43.
30. Lewis-Workman and Brod.
31. Cervero and Duncan.
32. Ghebreegziabiher Debrezion, Eric Pels and Piet Rietveld, The Impact of Railway Stations on Residential and Commercial Property Value: a Meta Analysis,
(Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute, 2003).
33. James Lang and Wesley Jones, “Hedonic Property Valuation Models: Are Subjective Measures of Neighborhood Amenities Needed?” Real Estate Economics 7:4 (1979):
Endnotes 75
34. Mingche Li and James Brown, “Micro-Neighborhood Externalities and Hedonic Housing Prices,” Land Economics 56:2 (1980): 125–141.
35. Ibid.
36. Robin Dubin, “Spatial Autocorrelation and Neighborhood Quality,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 22:3 (1992): 433–452.
37. Li and Brown.
38. Donald Haurin and David Brasington, “The Impact of School Quality on Real House Prices: Interjurisdictional Effects,” Journal of Housing Economics 5:4 (1996):
351–368.
39. Dubin.
40. David Brasington, “Which Measures of School Quality Does the Housing Market Value? Spatial and Non-Spatial Evidence,” Journal of Real Estate Research 18:3 (1999): 395–413.
41. Joel Franklin and Paul Waddell, “A Hedonic Regression of Home Prices in King County, Washington, using Activity-Specific Accessibility Measures.” 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (Washington DC: National Research Council, 2003).
42. Hoong Chor Chin and Kok Wai Foong, “Influence of School Accessibility on Housing Values,” Journal of Urban Planning and Development 132 (2006): 120–129.
43. Quang Do, Robert Wilbur and James Short, “An empirical examination of the externalities of neighborhood churches on housing values,” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 9:2 (1994): 127–136.
44. Francois Rosiers, “Power Lines, Visual Encumbrance and House Values: A Microspatial Approach to Impact Measurement,” Journal of Real Estate Research 23:(3) (2002): 275–301.
45. Yan Song and Gerrit Knaap, “New urbanism and housing values: a disaggregate assessment,” Journal of Urban Economics 54:2 (2003): 218–238.
46. Shishir Mathur, “Impact of Transportation and Other Jurisdictional-Level
Infrastructure and Services on Housing Prices,” Journal of Urban Planning and Development 134 (2008): 32–41.
47. Molly Espey and Kwame Owusu-Edusei, “Neighborhood Parks and Residential Property Values in Greenville, South Carolina,” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33:3 (2001): 487–492.
48. Mathur Shishir, Paul Waddell and Hilda Blanco, “The effect of impact fees on the price of new single-family housing,” Urban Studies 41:7 (2004): 1303–1312.
49. Stephen Mehay, “Governmental Structure and Performance: the Effects of the Lakewood Plan on Property Values,” Public Finance Review 6:3 (1978): 311–325.
50. David Harrison and Daniel Rubinfeld, “Hedonic housing prices and the demand for clean air,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 5:1 (1978):
81–102.
76 Endnotes
51. Earl Benson, Julie Hansen, Arthur Schwartz and Greg Smersh, “Pricing Residential Amenities: The Value of a View,” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 16:1 (1998): 55–73.
52. Arthur Nelson, John Genereux and Michelle Genereux, “Price Effects of Landfills on House Values,” Land Economics 68:4 (1992): 359–365.
53. Amy Schwartz, Scott Susin and Ioan Voicu, “Has Falling Crime Driven New York City's Real Estate Boom?” Journal of Housing Research 14:1 (2003): 101–135.
54. Melissa Boyle and Katherine Kiel, “A survey of house price hedonic studies of the impact of environmental externalities,” Journal of Real Estate Literature 9:2 (2001):
117–144.
Case Study Transit Oriented Developments
55. State of California, Department of Finance, “E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State with Annual Percent Change — January 1, 2007 and 2008,”
http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1_2006-07/docum ents/E-1table.xls (accessed 08/10/2008).
56. U.S. Census 2000.
57. Eric Harris, The County Connection, personal communication, 07/09/2007.
58. Michael Bernick and Robert Cervero, Transit Villages in the 21st Century, (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1997).
59. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, New Places, New Choices: Transit Oriented Development in the San Francisco Bay Area (Oakland, CA: MTC, November 2006), p.19.
60. Sedway Cooke Associates, Pleasant Hill BART Station Area Specific Plan (San Francisco, CA: Sedway Cooke Associates, 1982), p. 14.
61. Sedway Cooke Associates, p. 71.
62. Bernick and Cervero, p. 193.
63. Bernick and Cervero, p. 194.
64. Contra Costa County Community Development Department, Pleasant Hill BART Station Area Summary Report (Contra Costa County, CA: Community Development Department, 2001), 6,
http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/depart/cd/charrette/outcome/I%20Introduction.pdf (accessed 08/10/2008).
65. Bernick and Cervero, p. 195.
66. Ibid, 195.
67. Contra Costa County Community Development Department Redevelopment Division, “Pleasant Hill BART Station Design Charrette—Information, News and Links,” http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/depart/cd/charrette/news_etc.htm (accessed 07/10/2007).
Endnotes 77
68. Contra Costa County Community Development Department, “Pleasant Hill BART Shortcut Path and Wayfinding Project,” http://www.cocoplans.org/#PHBART (accessed 07/10/2007).
69. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, p.19.
70. Maret Bartlett, City of Hayward Redevelopment Director, personal communication, 05/05/2008.
71. City of San Jose, “About San Jose,” http://www.sanjoseca.gov/about.asp,”
(accessed 08/11/2008).
72. VTA, “VTA Board Memorandum,”
http://www.vta.org/inside/boards/packets/2003/04_apr/13.html (accessed 08/11/2008).
73. Shanti Breznau, The San Jose Case Study: Ohlone Chynoweth Station, in Hank Dittmar and Gloria Ohland (eds) “New Transit Towns: Best Practices in Transit Oriented Development” (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003).
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Mitchell Postel, San Mateo: A Centennial History, (San Francisco: CA, Scottwall Associates), p. 9.
77. Mitchell Postel, p. 39.
78. Bill Wanner, City of San Mateo Planner, personal communication, 03/21/2008.
79. Bay Meadows Land Company, “Aerials,”
http://www.baymeadowslandcompany.com/Aerials/ (accessed 07/10/2008).
Research Method, Model Structure and Data Description 80. Voith.
81. Landis, Guhathukaurta and Zhang.
82. Ferrell.
83. Cervero and Duncan.
84. Gatzlaff and Smith.
85. Nelson.
86. Lewis-Workman and Brod.
87. Cervero and Landis.
88. Weinberger.
89. Cervero, Ferrell and Murphy.
90. Rosen.
91. The Ohlone Chynoweth TOD model that estimates the impact of the proximity to the TOD for the homes sold during the period 2004–2006 and within 0–0.5 mile from the TOD.
78 Endnotes
79
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Armstrong, Robert, and Daniel Rodríguez. “An Evaluation of the Accessibility Benefits of Commuter Rail in Eastern Massachusetts using Spatial Hedonic Price
Functions.”Transportation 33:1 (2006): 21–43.
Bajic, Vladimir. “The Effects of a New Subway Line on Housing Prices in Metropolitan Toronto.” Urban Studies 20:2 (1983): 147–158.
Benjamin, John, and Stacy Sirmans. “Mass Transportation, Apartment Rent and Property Values.” Journal of Real Estate Research 12:1 (1996): 1–8.
Benson, Earl, Julie Hansen, Arthur Schwartz, and Greg Smersh. “Pricing Residential Amenities: The Value of a View.” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and
Economics16:1 (1998): 55–73.
Bernick, Michael, and Robert Cervero. Transit Villages in the 21st Century. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1997.
Boyle, Melissa, and Katherine Kiel. “A survey of house price hedonic studies of the impact of environmental externalities.” Journal of Real Estate Literature 9:2 (2001):117–144.
Brasington, David. “Which Measures of School Quality Does the Housing Market Value?
Spatial and Non-Spatial Evidence.” Journal of Real Estate Research 18:3 (1999):395–413.
Breznau, Shanti. The San Jose Case Study: Ohlone-Chynoweth Station in Hank Dittimar and Gloria Ohland (eds) The New Transit Town: Best Practices In Transit-Oriented Development. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pages 193–211, 2003.
Cervero, Robert, Christopher Ferrell, and Steven Murphy. “Transit Oriented
Development and Joint Development in the United States: A Literature Review.”
Transit Cooperative Research Program: Research Results Digest, 52, 2002.
Cervero, Robert, and John D. Landis. “Twenty-Years of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System: Land Use and Development Impacts.” Transportation Research A 31:4 (1997): 309–333.
Cervero, Robert, and Michael Duncan. “Benefits of Proximity to Rail on Housing Markets:
Experiences in Santa Clara County.” Journal of Public Transportation 5:1 (2002):
1–18.
Chin, Hoong, and Kok Wai Foong. “Influence of School Accessibility on Housing Values.”
Journal of Urban Planning and Development 132 (2006): 120–129.
Debrezion, Ghebreegziabiher, Eric Pels, and Piet Rietveld. “The Impact of Railway Stations on Residential and Commercial Property Value: a Meta Analysis.”
Amsterdam:Tinbergen Institute, 2003.
Do, Quang, Robert Wilbur, and James Short. “An empirical examination of the
externalities of neighborhood churches on housing values.” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 9:2 (1994): 127–136.
80 Bibliography
Dubin, Robin. “Spatial Autocorrelation and Neighborhood Quality.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 22:3 (1992): 433–452.
Espey, Molly, and Kwame Owusu-Edusei. “Neighborhood Parks and Residential
Property Values in Greenville, South Carolina.” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33:3 (2001): 487–492.
Ferrell, Christopher. “The Effects of Light Rail Transit on Land Use and Property Values.”
Master’s Planning Report, San Jose State University, Urban and Regional Planning Department, 1995.
Franklin, Joel, and Paul Waddell. “A Hedonic Regression of Home Prices in King County, Washington, using Activity–Specific Accessibility Measures, presented at the82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington DC: National Research Council, 2003.
Gatzlaff, Dean, and Marc Smith. “The Impact of the Miami Metrorail on the Value of Residences Near Station Locations.” Land Economics 69:1 (1993): 54–66.
Harrison, David, and Daniel Rubinfeld. “Hedonic housing prices and the demand for clean air.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 5:1 (1978):
81–102.
Haurin, Donald, and David Brasington. “The Impact of School Quality on Real House Prices: Interjurisdictional Effects.” Journal of Housing Economics 5:4
(1996):351–368.
Hess, Daniel, and Tangerine Almeida. (2007). “Impact of Proximity to Light Rail Rapid Transit on Station-area Property Values in Buffalo, New York.” Urban Studies 44:5/6(2007): 1041–1068.
Landis, John, Subhrajit Guhathakurta, and Ming Zhang. “Capitalization of Transportation Investments into Single-Family Home Prices: A Comparative Analysis of Five California Rail Transit Systems.” Berkeley, CA: University of California
Transportation Center, 1994.
Lang, James, and Wesley Jones. “Hedonic Property Valuation Models: Are Subjective Measures of Neighborhood Amenities Needed?” Real Estate Economics 7:4 (1979):
451465.
Langley, John. “Adverse impacts of the Washington beltway on residential property values.” Land Economics 52:1 (1976): 42–53.
Lewis-Workman, Steven, and Daniel Brod. “Measuring the Neighborhood Benefits of Rail Transit Accessibility.” Transportation Research Record 1576 (1997): 147–153.
Li, Mingche, and James Brown. “Micro-Neighborhood Externalities and Hedonic Housing Prices.” Land Economics 56:2 (1980): 125–141.
Nelson, Arthur. “Effects of Elevated Heavy Rail Transit Stations on House Prices with Respect to Neighborhood Income.” Transportation Research Record 1359 (1992):
127–132.
Mathur, Shishir. “Impact of Transportation and Other Jurisdictional-Level Infrastructure and Services on Housing Prices.” Journal of Urban Planning and Development 134(2008): 32–41.
Bibliography 81
Mathur, Shishir, Paul Waddell, and Hilda Blanco. “The effect of impact fees on the price of new single-family housing.” Urban Studies 41:7 (2004): 1303–1312.
Mehay, Stephen. “Governmental Structure and Performance: the Effects of the
Lakewood Plan on Property Values.” Public Finance Review 6:3 (1978): 311–325.
Nelson, Arthur, John Genereux, and Michelle Genereux. “Price Effects of Landfills on House Values.” Land Economics 68:4 (1992): 359–365.
Parsons Brinkerhoff, P. “The Effect of Rail Transit on Property Values: A Summary of Studies.”http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/public/download/bestpractice162(acc essed 08/08/2008).
Porter, Douglas R. “Transit Focused Development: A Synthesis of Practice.”
Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1997.
Postel, Mitchell. San Mateo: A Centennial History. San Francisco: CA, Scottwall Associates, 1994.
Rosen, Sherwin. “Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition.” Journal of Political Economy 82:1 (1974): 34–55.
Rosiers, Francois. “Power Lines, Visual Encumbrance and House Values: A Micro Spatial Approach to Impact Measurement.” Journal of Real Estate Research 23:3 (2002):275–301.
Schwartz, Amy, Scott Susin, and Ioan Voicu. “Has Falling Crime Driven New York City's Real Estate Boom?” Journal of Housing Research 14:1 (2003): 101–135.
Song, Yan, and Gerrit Knaap. “New urbanism and housing values: a disaggregate assessment.” Journal of Urban Economics 54:2 (2003): 218–238.
Strand, Jon, and Mette Vågnes (2001). “The relationship between property values and railroad proximity: a study based on hedonic prices and real estate brokers' appraisals.”Transportation 28:2 (2001): 137–156.
Voith, Richard. “Changing Capitalization of CBD-Oriented Transportation Systems:
Evidence from Philadelphia, 1970–1988.” Journal of Urban Economics 13 (1993):
361–376.
Webber, Melvin, M. 1976. “The BART Experience: What Have We Learned?” Public Interest 12:3 (1976): 79–108.
Weinberger, Rachel. “Commercial Property Values and Proximity to Light Rail:
Calculating Benefits with a Hedonic Price Model,” presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington DC: National Research Council, 2000.
82 Bibliography
83