Capitulo III: Marco teórico:
3.1. Imagen corporativa: la importancia de la imagen visual
3.1.7.1. Las 4 perspectivas de la marca
5.1.Conclusion
The most important factors affecting desho grass utilization were availability of feed, training and experience in production of desho grass. Results of the study indicated that the major production strategy of desho grass was backyard, although there are stock exclusion and soil bunds systems. Farmers, who have received training in desho grass production, tend to use it to a lesser extent as a feed instead they use it for other roles like land management practice. The grass was used mainly for animal feed (60%) in both districts (highland areas tend to use desho grass more than those in the midland area). Due to poor accessibility to feeds in the highlands, vulnerability of soil towards erosion, high density of livestock per household, desho grass might have a higher potential to be utilized as fodder and for soil conservation in the highland areas. Training on the use of desho grass is important to promote desho grass production as an avenue to generate income and for soil conservation in addition to animal fodder.
Desho grass is multipurpose fodder used for soil water conservation, animal fodder and means of
income for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Among the most important merits of desho grass is its ability to adapt both mid and high altitude, thrives well on different soil types (clay to red soils) areas of Ethiopia. The grass has potential to produce large amount of biomass per unit area, suitable to different forage production strategies (backyard, stock exclusion areas and soil bunds), acceptable to different livestock species and increases productivity of livestock. Hence, the grass has much untapped potential for smallholder crop livestock production systems and future commercial oriented animal production in Ethiopia
The morphological and nutritional qualities of desho grass were highly affected by harvesting day than altitude. The grass well performed both in mid and altitude areas of Ethiopia provided appropriate management is applied. Generally, harvesting of desho grass from 90 to 120 days is recommendable since it has shown good result for yield and quality of the grass. As desho grass has high biomass yield and good chemical composition, it can be concluded that it has a potential to be an alternative ruminant feed in mid and highlands of Ethiopia. The results of animal
71
evaluation study indicated that desho grass hay had better chemical composition particularly in crude protein (CP) content, higher intake and palatability by sheep than a mixed sward natural pasture hay. Moreover, increasing the proportion of desho grass hay from 0 to 100% as a basal diet of Washera lambs increased the DM intake, digestibility of nutrients, body weight and feed conversion efficiency, with overall better performance at the high level of feeding of the grass. Overall, the series of experiments conducted in this study revealed that desho grass has multifaceted role for the smallholder farmers in terms of animal fodder, soil and water conservation, and income source.
The grass can perform well both in the mid and high land areas of the country provided appropriate management practices are followed. Harvesting date had effect on plant characteristics and chemical composition as well as yield like other types of grasses. The animal evaluation study also showed that desho grass can be an alternative feed for growing local sheep in Ethiopia.
5.2. Recommendations
Based on the current work, the following recommendations and future desho grass research and development priorities are highlighted.
More extension work should be done on the production and utilization of desho grass to integrate it in the farming systems of mid and highland areas of Ethiopia.
The agronomic trial should be conducted in successive years and different agro- ecological conditions.
The response of desho grass to different manure levels and fertilizer rates should be investigated to recommend an optimum production package of the grass.
As desho grass has relatively low CP, the grass should be combined with local protein sources such as indigenous and improved leguminous fodders, agro-industrial and breweries byproducts as supplements and tested on different types of animals.
Further study on economical feasibility of inclusion of desho grass in sheep diet must be investigated.
72
6. REFERENCES
Abebe Hailu, Solomon Melaku, Berhan Tamir and Asaminew Tassew, 2011. Body weight and carcass characteristics of Washera sheep fed urea treated rice straw supplemented with graded levels of concentrate mix. Livestock Res. for Rural Dev., 23(8). Accessed on July 20, 2015.
Abebe Mekoya, Oosting, S.J., Fernandez-Rivera, S., and Van der Zijpp, A.J., 2008. Farmers’ perceptions about exotic multipurpose fodder trees and constraints to their adoption. Agrofor. Syst. 73(2), 141-153.
Aberra Melesse, 2011. Comparative assessment on chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera using in vitro gas production method. Ethiop.J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2(2): 31 – 41.
Adane Kitaba and Berhan Tamir, 2005. Effects of harvesting frequency and nutrient levels on natural pasture in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Trop. Sci., 45:77–82.
Adesina, A., and Zinnah, M., 1993. Technology characteristics, farmers’ perceptions and adoption decisions a Tobit model application in Sierra Leone. Agricultural economics, 9, 297–311.
Adugna Tolera, Alemu Yami, Alemayehu Mengistu, Dawit Alemu, Diriba Geletie, Getnet Assefa, Lemma Gizachew, Seyoum Bediye and Yirdaw Woldesemayat. 2012. Livestock Feed Resources in Ethiopia: challenges, Opportunities and the need for transformation. National feed committee report, Ethiopian animal feed industry association (EAFIA) and the ministry of agriculture and rural development (MoARD), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Adugna Tolera, 2007. Feed resources for producing export quality meat and livestock in Ethiopia. Ethiopia Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards and Livestock and Meat Marketing project (SPS-LMM). 77p.
Adugna. Tolera and Said A.N., 1994. Assessment of feed resources in Welayta Sodo. Ethiopian J. Agric. Sci. 14(1/2):69-87.
Adugna Tolera and A. N. Said, 1992. Prospective for integrating food and feed production in Welayita Sodo, Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the joint feed resource networks workshop held in Gaborone, Botswana, 4-5, March, 1991.
Alemayehu Mengistu, 1985. Feed resources in Ethiopia. PP.35. In: Animal feed resources for small-scale livestock producers, Proceedings of the second PANESA workshop, held in Nairobi, Kenya, 11-15 November 1985.
Alemayehu Mengistu, 1998. The Borana and the 1991-92 Drought: A Rangeland and Livestock Resource Study, Institute of Sustainable Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 102 p.
73
Alemayehu Mengistu, 2004. Pasture and Forage Resource profiles of Ethiopia. PP.19. Ethiopia/FAO., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Alemayehu Mengistu, 2005. Feed resources base of Ethiopia: Status, limitations and opportunities for integrated development. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, August 12-14, 2004, Addis Ababa, 410p.
Alemayehu Mengistu, 2006. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Ethiopia. Available at http:// www.fao.org/AGp/agpc/doc/counprof Ethiopia.htm. Accessed on 05/01/2015. Alemu Yami, 1981. Laboratory evaluation and estimation of nutritive value of some feedstuffs
produced in Alemaya Woreda. An M.Sc. Thesis presented to School of Graduate Studies, Alemaya University. 81p.
Alemu Yami, Zinash Sileshi and Seyoum Bediye, 1989. The potential of crop residues and agro- industrial by-products in Ethiopian highlands. Proceedings of the Third National Livestock Improvement Conference. May 24-26, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Pp.54-64. Alemu Yami, Zinash Sileshi and Seyoum Bediye, 1991. The potential of crop residues and Agro-
industrial by products as animal feed, Third National Livestock improvement Conference (NLIC) 24-26 May 1989, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp 57-64.
Aliyu, I.D., Maigandi S.A., Muhammad I.R. and Garba Y., 2012. Haematological Indices and Blood Urea Nitrogen of Yankasa Ram Lambs Fed Urea, Poultry Droppings and or Urea Treated Pennisetum pedicellatum (Kyasuwa Grass).Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 20(1): 39-43
ALRC (Andassa Livestock Research Center), 2014. Annual Report (unpublished).
Anele, U.Y., Arigbede O.M., Südekum K.H., Oni A.O., Jolaosho A.O., Olanite J.A, Adeosun A.I., Dele P.A., Ike K.A. and Akinola O.B., 2009. Seasonal chemical composition, in
vitro fermentation and in sacco dry matter degradation of four indigenous
multipurpose tree species in Nigeria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 154 (1):47-57.
Angaw, Tsigie, Getachew Agegnehu and Agaje Tesfaye, 2011. Conservation agriculture in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Research Report 95. EIAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 31p.
Ansah, T., Osafo E. L. K. and Hansen H H, 2010. Herbage yield and chemical composition of four varieties of Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grass harvested at three different days after planting. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2010 1 (5): 923-929.
Aniteneh, Worku, Getachew Animut, Mengistu Urge and Kefyalew Gebeyew,2015. Effect of Different Levels of Dried Sugar Cane Tops Inclusion on the Performance of Washera
74
Sheep Fed Basal Diet of Grass Hay, Ethiopia. Journal of Advances in Dairy Research, 3(2): 1-5.
AOAC (Association of Analytical Chemists), 1990. Official methods of analysis 15th ed. AOAC Inc. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 1298p.
ARC (Agricultural Research Council), 1980. The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock (supp.1). Common wealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham Royal, UK. 351p.
Arzani, H., Sadeghimanesh, M.R., Azarnivad, H., Asadian, G.H., Shahriyari, E., 2008. Study of phonological stages effect values of twelve species in Hamadan rangelands. Iran J Range Desert Res. 16:86–95.
Assefu, Gizaw, 2012. Comparative feedlot performance of Washera and Horro sheep fed different roughage to concentrate ratio. M.Sc. Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Haramaya University, Ethiopia. 68p.
Atta-Karh, 1990. Availability and use of fodder shrubs and trees in tropical Africa. In: Shrubs and Tree Fodders for Farm Animals. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Denpasar, Indonesia (Devendra C, Ed.). IDRC, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 140–162.
Awadhesh, I, Verma ML, Kishore A, 2000. Comparative feeding value of Dinanath grass and sorghum fodder for crossbred heifers. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 17(4):311- 314.
Awoke, Kassa, 2015. Effects of Supplementation with Ficus sycomorus (Shola) on Performances of Washera Sheep Fed Natural Pasture Hay. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research. 3(2): 370-382.
Awot, Estifanos and Solomon Melaku, 2009. Supplementation of graded level of wheat bran to intact and castrated Afar sheep fed urea treated teff straw: Effect on feed intake, digestibility, body weight and carcass characteristics. East African Journal of Science, vol.3 no.1, 2009.
Ayele, Solomon, Assegid Workalemahu, Jabbar, M.A., Ahmed, M.M., and Belachew Hurrisa, 2003. Livestock marketing in Ethiopia: Performance and Development Initiatives. Socioeconomic and Policy Research Working Paper 52. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. 35p.
Aynalem, Haile and Taye Tolemariam, 2008. The feed values of indigenous multipurpose trees for sheep in Ethiopia: The case of Vernonia amygdalina, Buddleja polystachya
and Maesa lanceolata. Livestock Res. for Rural Dev., 20 (45). ttp://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/3/hail20045.htm (accessed 10 July 2015).
Baumer, M., 1992. Trees as browse and to support animal production. In: Speedy, A., Pugliese, P.L. (Eds.), Legume Trees and Other Fodder Trees as Protein Sources for Livestock.
75
FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 102. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Rome, Italy, pp. 1-10.
Bedasa, Eba, Amare Hailesilassie and Getachew Animut, 2015. Variability of feed sources availability and their managements in mixed crop-livestock system: The case of three watersheds in the highlands of blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Global Journal of Animal Science, Livestock Production and Animal Breeding. 3(7), pp. 235-242.
Behnke, R. and Metaferia, F., 2011. The Contribution of Livestock to the Ethiopian Economy- Part II, IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative (LPI) Working Paper No. 02-11; at available at: www.igad-lpi.org/ publication/ docs/ IGADLPI-WP-02-11- Part II. (Accessed 20 October 2015).
Berhanu, Alemu, Melaku Solomon and Prasad, N. K., 2007. Effects of varying seed proportions and harvesting stages on biological compatibility and forage yield of oats (Avena
sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia villosa R.) mixtures. Livestock Research for Rural
Development. Volume 19, Article #12. Accessed 19 November, 2015, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/1/alem19012.htm
Berhanu, Gebremedihn, D. Hoekstra and Samson J., 2007. Heading towards commercialization? The case of live animal marketing in Ethiopia. Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working Paper 5. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. 73p.
Berhanu, Gebremedihn, Adane, Hirpa and Kahsay, Berhanu, 2009. Feed marketing in Ethiopia: Results of rapid market appraisal. Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian farmers project Working Paper 15. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya, pp: 64.
Berihun, Melkie 2005. Effect of Planting Patterns and Harvesting Days on Yield and Quality of Bana Grass [Pennisetum purpureum (L.) x Pennisetum americanum (L.)] An M.Sc. Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate of Alemaya University. 111p.
Beyene, Teklu, Tegene Negesse and Ayana Angassa, 2010. Effects of farming systems on floristic composition, yield and nutrient content of forages at the natural pasture of Assosa zone (western Ethiopia). Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. 12: 583 - 592.
Bimrew Asmare, Solomon Melaku and Kurt J. Peters, 2010. Supplementation of Farta sheep fed hay with graded levels of concentrate mix consisting of noug seed meal and rice bran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42:1345–1352.
Bougouma-Yaméogo, V., 1995. Valorisation des fourrages naturels récoltés au Burkina Faso (zone sahélienne et nord-soudanienne). Traitement à l'urée de la biomasse, utilisation par les ruminants. Thèse 3ème cycle, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Montpellier, 133p.
76
Bonsi, M.L.K., Tuah A.K., Osuji P.O., Nsahlai I.V., and Umunna N.N., 1996. The effect of protein supplement source or supply pattern on the intake, digestibility, rumen kinetics, nitrogen utilization and growth of Ethiopian Menz sheep fed teff straw. J. Anim. Feed Sci. and Techno. 64:.11-25.
Boonman, J.G., 1993. East Africa’s grass and fodders: Their ecology and husbandry. KluWer Academic Publishers, DoRdrecht /Boston / London. 343p.
Butt, N.M., Gary B., Donart M.G., Southward R.D. and Noror M., 1993. Effect of defoliation on plant growth of Napier grass. Tropical Science. 33: 111-120.
Butterworth, M. H. and A. R. Mosi, 1986. The voluntary intake and digestibility of combinations of cereal crop residues and legume hay for sheep. ILCA bulletin 24: 14-27.
BZDOA (Burie Zuria District Office of Agriculture), 2014. Annual report (unpublished).
Cheeke, P.R., 1991. Applied Animal Nutrition. Feeds and feedings. Macmillan Publishing Company, New Pork. 504p.
Cheeke, P.R., 1999. Applied Animal Nutrition. Feeds and feedings. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Publishing Company, New York. 525p.
Chipman, J. 2003.Observations on the potential of Washera sheep for improved feed security around Quarit and Adet West Gojam, north western Ethiopia. A field study Hosted by international livestock research Institute (ILRL), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 17p.
Cisse M, Ly I, Nianogo AJ, Sane I, Sawadogo JG, N'Diaye M, Awad C, Fall Y, 2002. Grazing behavior and milk yield of Senegalese Sahel goat. Small Ruminant Research, 43(1):85-95.
Crowder, L.V. and Chheda M.R., 1982. Tropical grassland husbandry. Longman, London. 562p. CSA (Central Statistics Authority), 2006. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Agricultural
sample survey. Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Statistical Bulletin 1( 361). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 207p.
CSA (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia), 2013. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Agency. Agricultural sampling Survey: Livestock and Livestock characteristics. 505 statistical Bulletin, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 35-40 pp.
CSA (Central Statistical Authority), 2015.Agricultural sample survey agricultural sample survey livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings), Ethiopia.
Danano, D., 2007. Improved grazing land management in Ethiopia. In H. Liniger, & W. Critchley (Eds), Where the land is greener (pp. 313-316). Bern, Switzerland: WOCAT.
77
Daniel Keftessa, 1988. Role of crop residues as livestock feed in Ethiopian highlands. Proceedings of the third workshop on African forage plant genetic resources, Evaluation of forage germplasm and extensive livestock production systems, held at the international conference center, Arusha, Tanzania, 27-30 April 1987. ILCA, Addis Ababa.
Daniel Keftessa, 1996. Effect of nitrogen application and stage of development on yield and nutritive value of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Eth. J. Agri. Sci. 15: 86-101.
DDoA (Doyogena District Office of Agriculture), 2014. Annual report of Doyogena District Office of Agriculture (unpublished).
Devendra, C., Mcleroy G.B., 1982. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. Longman, London and New York. 84p.
Ecocrop, 2010. Ecocrop database. FAO. http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srven/home. (Accessed 02 February 2015).
Enideg Diress, 2008. Importance of Ficus thonningii Blume in Soil Fertility Improvement and Animal Nutrition in Gondar Zuria, Ethiopia. M.Sc. Thesis Submitted to Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Science, Vienna. Enoh, M B, Kijora, C., Peters, K. J. and Yonkeu S., 2005. Effect of stage of harvest on DM
yield, nutrient content, in vitro and in situ parameters and their relationship of native and Brachiaria grasses in the Adamawa Plateau of Cameroon. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17, Art. #4. (Accessed 29 July 2015), from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/1/enoh17004.htm
Ensminger, M.E., 2002. Sheep and Goat Science (Animal Agriculture series) 6th (ed). Interstate publisher, Inc., Danville Illinois. 693p.
Ensminger, M.E., Goldfield, J.E. and Hineman, W.W., 1990. Feeds and Nutrition. The Ensminger publishing company Clovis, California, USA. 1544p.
EPPO(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), 2014. PQR database. Paris,
France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.
http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm (accessed on 29 July , 2015).
Ewnetu Ermias, 1999. Between and within breed variations in feed intake and fat deposition, and genetic associations of these with some production traits in Menz and Horro sheep. An M.Sc. Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemaya University. 149p.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2001. Production year book. Vol.55. FAO, Rome, Italy.
78
China's experiences. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. No.149. 39p.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2008. Country report. FAO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2010. Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
FDoA (Farta District Office of Agriculture), 2014. Annual report (unpublished).
Fekede Feyissa, Agaje Tesfaye and Angaw Tsigie. 2011. Producing and using alternative feeds to crop residues efficient use of crop residues: Animal Feed Vs Conservation Agriculture Research Project. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fekede Feyissa, Shiv Prasad, Getnet Assefa, Seyoum Bediye, Getu Kitaw, Aemiro Kahaliw and Gezaheng Kebede, 2014. Dynamics in nutritional characteristics of natural hays as affected by harvesting stage, storage method and storage duration in the cooler tropical highlands. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9(43):3233-3244.
Feleke Assefa, Tsegaye Ano, Teshale Aba and Zehara Ebrahim, 2015. Assessment of improved forage types and their utilization in Shashogo Woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia. Global Journal of Animal Science, Livestock Production and Animal Breeding. 3(6):227-230.
Fentie Bishaw and Solomon Melaku, 2008. Effects of supplementation of Farta sheep fed hay with sole or mixtures of noug seed meal and wheat bran on feed intake, digestibility and body weight change. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 40, 597–606. Fetsum, S., Solomon, Z., Mikias, D., Yigremachew, S., Demeke, M., Gizachew, W., and Yeshi,
C., 2009. Gender Based Participatory Rural Appraisal of Farming Systems in Wombera, Bullen and Guba Woredas. In: Gender Differentials for Planning Agricultural Research. Proc. of the Workshop on Gender Analysis in Agricultural Research. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp: 161-187.
Firew Tegegne and Getnet Assefa, 2010. Feed resource assessments in Amhara National Regional State. Ethiopian Sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards and livestock and meat marketing program (SPS-LMM) Texas A and M University system Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.P2-105.
Firisa Woyessa, Adugna Tolera, and Diriba Diba, 2013. Feed Intake, Digestibility and Growth Performance of Horro Lambs Fed Hay Natural Pasture Supplemented Graded Level
Vernonia Amygdalina Leaves and Sorghum Grain Mixture. Science, Technology and
79
Fufa, B. and Hassan, R.M., 2006. Determinants of fertilizer use on maize in Eastern Ethiopia: A weighted endogenous sampling analysis of the extent and intensity of adoption. Agrekon, 45 (1): 38-49.
Fluharty, F. L., and McClure K.E., 1997. Effects of dietary energy intake and protein concentration on performance and visceral organ mass in lambs. J.Anim Sci.75: 604- 61.
Gashaw Geda, 1992. Assessment of Feed Resource Base and Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cows Distributed to Smallholder in the Selale Dairy Development Project Area. M.Sc. Thesis. Alemaya University of Agriculture, Alemaya. pp. 171.
Gebru Tefera, Firew Tegegne, Yeshambel Mekuriaw, Solomon Melaku and Atsushi T., 2015. Effects of different forms of white lupin (Lupinus albus) grain supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Washera sheep fed Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay-based diets. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 47(8): 1581-1590.
Getahun Legesse, Marianna Si., Girma Abebe and, Anne V., 2010. Economic performance of small ruminants in mixed-farming systems of Southern Ethiopia. 42 (7): 1531- 1539.
Getnet Berhanu, Alemu Yami and Mekonenn Hailemariam., 1999. Performance of lactating Somalia does supplemented with different proportions of groundnut cake and wheat bran. pp. 197-211. In: Proceeding of the Seventh Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production. May 26-27, 1999, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getnet Assefa and Inger Ledin, 2001. Effect of variety, soil type and fertilizer on the establishment, growth, forage yield, quality and voluntary intake by cattle of oats and vetches cultivated in pure stands and mixtures, Animal Feed Science and Technology. 92: 95-111.
Getu Kebede, Mesfin Dejene, Aemiro Kehaliw and Getnet Assefa, 2012. Comparative evaluation of Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) over conventional protein supplements in supporting growth of yearling Horro lambs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 24, Article #8. Retrieved September 10, 2015, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/1/getu24008.htm.
Gohl, B. 1981. Tropical feeds: feed information summaries and nutritive value. Food and