LA PERSUASIÓN COERCITIVA COMO MODELO DE LA VIOLENCIA DE GÉNERO

EXERCISE 9 (Page 165)

1. New Orleans does not have a harsh winter. On the contrary, it is quite mild.

2. New Orleans does not have a harsh winter. On the other hand, its summers are terrible.

3. New Orleans does not have a large population. On the other hand, it is not a village.

4. Many people think that New Orleans is a large city. On the contrary, it has quite a small population.

5. New Orleans was not originally settled by the Spanish. On the contrary, its first European settlers were French.

6. New Orleans is a big seaport. On the other hand, its manufacturing industry is quite small.

EXERCISE 10 (Pages 165–167)

1. Like Borges, Mishima is considered one of the greatest modern writers.

Borges is a great modern writer. Mishima is also considered a great modern writer.

Borges is a great modern writer. Similarly, Mishima is considered to be a great modern writer.

2. Unlike Borges, Mishima was educated in his native country of Japan.

Borges was educated in Europe, but Mishima was educated in Japan.

3. In his early days, Borges worked as a librarian, in contrast to Mishima who worked for the Finance Ministry.

Borges served as a librarian, whereas Mishima worked for the Finance Ministry.

4. Similar to Borges, Mishima was a prolific writer, authoring short stories, poems, plays, essays, and novels.

Borges wrote many novels and short stories; likewise, Mishima was a prolific writer.

5. In the same way that Borges was at odds with the policies of the Perón government in Argentina in the 1940s and 1950s, Mishima was critical of the Japanese military policies.

Mishima was critical of the Japanese military policies. Similarly, Borges was at odds with the policies of the Perón government in Argentina in the 1940s and 1950s.

6. Mishima performed as an actor; however, Borges did not.

Mishima performed as an actor. In contrast, Borges became a professor of literature.

7. Like Borges’s works, many of Mishima’s works have been translated into English and other languages.

In comparison to the works of Borges, many of Mishima’s works have been translated into English and other languages.

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EXERCISE 11 (Pages 167-168)

Answers will vary. Possible replacements for the italicized sentences in the passage follow.

2. Whereas/While/Although the left hemisphere may be dominant in these types of reasoning, the right hemisphere also reasons.

Just as/In the same way that the left hemisphere is dominant in recognizing abstract differences, the right hemisphere tends to recognize sameness.

3. The right brain can interpret tone of voice and facial expressions; however, whenever we use language, both sides of the brain process information.

4. However, that is not so.

It is true that the right brain recognizes chords and melodies and seems to mediate pure and slow tones, but the left hemisphere is also involved in music.

EXERCISE 12 (Pages 168-169)

Answers will vary. Suggested answers follow.

Students should be encouraged to write an introduction and conclusion for each essay.

The examples below are possible body paragraphs that represent each pattern of organization.

Here are example body paragraphs using Pattern A (Point-by-Point):

The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean world from about 500 B.C. to about 500 A.D. The Chinese Empire ruled much of Asia from 221 B.C. to 1911 A.D. There are some interesting parallels between these two empires even though they ended differently.

The first parallel is the time at which both empires began and the way in which they spread. Interestingly, both empires began at about the same time in history. The Roman Empire began in 500 B.C., and the Chinese Empire began a bit later, in 221 B.C.

Both empires also began around a small geographical base and then spread out farther and farther to include more territory. For example, the Roman Empire started with Rome as its geographic base and spread to include North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern Europe. Similarly, the Chinese Empire started around the Yellow River and then spread northward to Peking, west to the Central Plain, and south to Canton.

Second, both empires developed higher levels of civilization than the areas surrounding them. The Roman Empire, for example, developed a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, while the people surrounding it were barbarians and nomads.

In the same way, the Chinese Empire became a center for art and philosophy while in the midst of barbarians called Huns and Mongols.

Perhaps the most interesting parallel is the ways that both empires dealt with intruders. Because the barbarians surrounding the Roman and Chinese Empires

constantly threatened them, the leaders of both empires devised three ways of handling them. First, they conquered territory whose outer boundaries were natural barriers. For example, the Roman leaders conquered the land in Europe up to the Rhine and Danube Rivers and then used these rivers as barriers against invasion. Likewise, the Chinese

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leaders conquered territory in order to use the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers as the outer boundaries of their empire.

Second, the leaders of both empires built fortifications to keep out invaders. In the Roman Empire, huge walls were built between the Rhine and Danube and between Scotland and England. Similarly, the Chinese erected the Great Wall to keep invaders out.

The third method of dealing with invaders was to colonize countries on the borders of the empires and use them as buffer states. Many times these countries were midway between barbarism and civilization. As colonies and buffer states, these countries became more and more civilized and thus more likely to protect the empires.

Both the Roman and Chinese Empires used these buffer states to help protect their outer boundaries.

Here are example body paragraphs using Pattern B (All of One/ All of the Other):

There are some interesting parallels between the Roman and Chinese empires even though these empires ended differently. The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean world from about 500 B.C. to about 500 A.D. From a geographic base around Rome, it spread out to include North Africa, the Middle East, and northern Europe. It developed a higher level of civilization than the areas surrounding it. It had a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, while the people surrounding it were barbarians and nomads.

These barbarians were a constant threat to the Roman Empire. Therefore, the leaders of the empire devised three ways to protect it. First, they conquered territory whose outer boundaries were natural barriers. Examples of these are the Rhine and Danube Rivers. They also built fortifications to keep out invaders. They built some, for example, between the Rhine and the Danube and between Scotland and England. Third, they used precautionary buffer states, like colonies, which were midway between barbarism and civilization. These all helped to protect the base of the Empire, Rome itself. However, toward the end of the Empire’s rule, some of the buffer states revolted.

The final collapse occurred when the German and Slavic barbarians broke through the fortifications. In a short two hundred years, the Roman Empire fell to the power of the Germans.

The Chinese Empire shares many similar characteristics with the rise of the Roman Empire. The Chinese Empire began around 221 B.C., a short time after the Roman Empire. Just as the Roman Empire started from a small geographic base and spread out, so did the Chinese Empire. Starting from a geographic base around the Yellow River, it spread northward to Peking, west to the Central Plain, and south to Canton.

Another similarity between the Chinese Empire and the Roman Empire was the high level of civilization both obtained. Just as Rome had a complex governmental structure and bureaucracy, the Chinese Empire became a center for art and philosophy in Asia. Furthermore, the Chinese Empire was surrounded by less civilized people and barbarians in the same way the Roman Empire was.

Perhaps the most interesting parallel is the fact that the Chinese Empire dealt with invading barbarians in the same three ways as the Romans did. First, like the Romans, the

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Chinese conquered territory whose outer boundaries would serve as natural barriers. For example, just as the Romans used the Rhine and Danube Rivers for this purpose, the Chinese used the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers to serve as natural boundaries. Second, the Chinese built imposing fortifications, for example, the Great Wall, to keep out invaders just as the Romans built walls between England and Scotland to protect their territory.

Third, the Chinese colonized buffer states, states midway between barbarism and civilization, to protect their outer boundaries. As colonies, these countries learned much from China, becoming civilized in the process. This technique parallels the actions of the Romans as well.

EXERCISE 13 (Page 170) - Editing

The differences between a classical music performance and a rock concert are

immediately apparent, even to a first time attendee. The expected dress at each kind of concert, for example, couldn’t be more different. (comparison) The attire at a classical music concert is as formal as (comparison) the clothing at a rock concert is informal.

The behavior of the attendees is (subject-verb agreement) also not very similar. At the classical performance, the audience sits quietly and expectantly. They do not dance or talk (verb form) and may even close their eyes so they can be better (comparisons) listeners. At a rock concert, the crowd dances and sways. Shouting, pushing, and jumping are (subject-verb agreement) common as well. At a classical music concert, it would be very surprising indeed if an audience member began (irregular verb form) to sing along with the performers. On the contrary, rock musicians sometimes point (subject verb agreement) the microphone toward the crowd to encourage them to sing along with favorite lyrics. However, classical concerts were not always so dignified. In the 18^th century, the audience clapped, yelled, and sometimes even threw (irregular verb form) food. Even though the manners at these concerts are (subject-verb agreement) not very similar, neither audience is less passionate (comparison) about the music, and their appreciation for the talent and effort of the musicians is similar. (comparison) They simply show (subject-verb agreement) it in completely different ways.