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Chapter 4: Pastoral dairy production for Tonga
4. 1 . INTRODUCTION
The effects of high environmental temperatures, poor pasture production and poor management pose serious problems to dairy systems; all have prevented increases in milk production in Tonga. Milk yield has recently become the maj or focus due to a rapid increase in demand for local milk rather than imported produce. The main objectives of this chapter are to provide reasonable management strategies and suitable techniques to further improve milk production in Tonga.
The interaction between the environment, pastures, l ivestock and production are considered in this chapter. The management techniques recommended here will depend upon the response of these factors. In order to improve the level of milk production, dairy breeds are a key factor together with the effects of environmental temperatures.
Bos indicus breeds and crossbreeds are planned for thi s new improvement program, because they suit the harsh tropical conditions in Tonga. Improvement in animal production depends on using tropical hybrid breeds in conj unction with high quality pasture types and species.
Tropical pastures contain high fibre contents, lower FV and NV and result in lower animal production. This chapter provides feasible management techniques that can be used to achieve better quality pastures in Tonga. These methods aim to increase FI during hot days when cows are under heat stress and should increase milk yield and live weight gain.
The influence of heat stress on livestock production provides the basis for the types of feeding and grazing management suitable for cows during hot conditions. In addition, improvement in pastures will maintain their productivity and replenish soil minerals from companion pasture species. Cows' reproductive efficiency can be improved through these j udicious management techniques and health problems can also be minimized. Finally, total pastoral production will be of a higher standard (pastures, soil, cows and income), including management skills and a more profitable farm.