PILOTES EXCAVADOS PARA CIMENTACIONES PROFUNDAS APLICACIÓN PUENTE IGNACIO ESCUDERO 121 ASPECTOS CONSTRUCTIVOS

The purpose of this study was to map the intellectual structure of the specialty of motivation research in SEP, and to show how the intellectual structure of this research specialty had changed over time. Two aspects of the intellectual structure were investigated: (1) the growth and decline of research fronts within motivation research in SEP, and (2) the flow of information between these research fronts. A secondary explorative purpose was to examine possibilities and limitations concerning a longitudinal analysis of motivation research in SEP. This was achieved by (1) delineating motivation research in SEP with a multi-database approach based on controlled vocabulary, where articles from PSYCHinfo and SPORTdiscus was identified and retrieved in WoS, the article set was further expanded by citations-based extension, and (2) performing a cluster analysis on the retrieved articles based on bibliographic coupling strength, and further, exploring the clusters plotted as research fronts along timelines in a coordinate system.

Some limitations, and potential improvements, were found:

1. It was concluded that the data collection and field delineation approach with multiple databases was successful in addressing the problems of low recall concerning the early time periods with the lexical query approach, and in comparison with the earlier review literature the early timeslice of 1985-1994 seemed representative, however, some further procedures could be tested to improve recall during this period. Especially with respect to the indexing delays of the core journals in WoS it would seem appropriate to try to increase recall in future studies. The time period of 1985- 2009 was chosen on the basis of retrieved articles, with an improved recall the longitudinal perspective could possibly be stretched further back. In the citation based extension phase I used direct citations to identify potentially similar articles by which the core set could be expanded. In order to increase the recall of articles potentially similar to the core set of articles, the rationale of bibliographic coupling or lexical coupling might be a more suitable choice. However, there is – to my knowledge – a limitation to this approach. While citation based extension based on direct citations are supported by WoS through the Create citation report function, the coupling strategies

53 would require full access to the WoS database (Mogoutov & Kahane, 2007, p. 895), and such an access was not available during this study. Two more realistic suggestions would be to reiterate the citation based extension phase to increase recall, or try to use BC or lexical coupling on a limited subset of articles downloaded from WoS, in order to further expand the core set (e.g., the core journals could be used to delimit a subset of articles, and by applying BC or lexical coupling, the core set could potentially be expanded, which would increase recall in the subsequent phase of citation based extension)

2. The phenomena of non-differentiated research fronts, or cluster fragmentation, could potentially be addressed with so called hybrid clustering methods, where traditional bibliometric measures such as BC are combined with lexical approaches in the mapping of science. It has been shown that the coupling-lexical hybrid approaches tend to complement each other, adjust for weaknesses, and outperform “citation-only” and “text-only” approaches with respect to document-document similarity (Ahlgren & Colliander, 2009; Frizo Janssens, Glänzel, & De Moor, 2008). The use of a hybrid approach would also deem the threshold used in the cluster analysis to exclude outliers and enhance the cluster quality unnecessary. The excluded articles due to this threshold were to a large extent published during the timeslice of 1985-1994. Thus, a hybrid approach would potentially enhance the representativity of the study as such. Even though some limitations of the study were identified, the results provided a comprehensive overview of the intellectual structure of the research fronts of motivation research in SEP between 1985 and 2009. Some main findings was: (A) timeslice 1985-1994 consisted of a dispersed collection of research fronts with similar sizes. No dominating research theme or theoretical framework could be discerned in this period; (B) the timeslices of 1995-1999 and 2000-2004 was dominated by achievement goals oriented research; (C) during timeslice 2004-2009 self-determination theory oriented research underwent a drastic growth. This timeslice was dominated by achievement goals oriented research and self- determination theory oriented research; (D) overall, there seem to be little cross-citations between the three PCs, they seem to be quite isolated in terms of influencing each other. However, four research fronts show patterns of cross-citations: Self-determination theory 2 and Self-determination theory 4 in PC 2 cites Motivation towards physical education and physical activity in PC 1, Motivation towards physical education and physical activity in PC 1 cites research front Self-determination theory 1 in PC 2, and research front Influence of

54

significant others in PC 1 cites research front Percieved competence and motivation among children and youth in PC 3; (E) citation patterns indicated that three research fronts had developed “research front specific” intellectual bases: Self-determination theory and exercise behaviors; Motivational climate, achievement goals, and moral behaviors; Motivational climate; (F) the top five most influential research fronts within the specialty motivation research within SEP – in terms of received direct citations – was: (1) Task-ego achievement goals 1; (2) Task-ego achievement goals 2; (3) Self-determination theory 1; (4) Motivational climate; (5) Percieved competence and motivation among children and youth.

Even though the direct citation network show how the research fronts within the specialty influence each other, quite a few research fronts seem to have a large part of their intellectual bases outside the specialty. In a future study it would be interesting to further explore the intellectual base of the specialty of motivation research in SEP to gain a broader picture of the influential literature. As noted by Zhou and Strotman (2008, p. 2084-2085), analyses of the intellectual base of a field and its research fronts can complement each other and provide a more thorough view of the intellectual structure of a field, especially when it comes to the study of changes over time.

Due to the increase of interdisciplinary research in science (Wagner et al., 2011, p. 14), methods and tools for the delineation of complex scientific fields and sub-fields have gained quite some attention in recent years (e.g., Laurens et al., 2009; Maghrebi, Abbasi, Amiri, Monsefi, & Harati, 2011; Mogoutov & Kahane, 2007; A Strotmann & DZ Zhao, 2010). Two findings in this study that could be further explored in future research within the context of field delineation could be: (1) a further exploration of the use of complex queries to retrieve articles in WoS with respect to the multi-database approach based on controlled vocabulary and (2) a further examination of the use of weighted direct citations when performing citation- based extension in the delineation of complex fields.

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