SERVICIO Nº DE VEHICULOS TIPO % CONTRATO COSTO ASUMIDO
3.3 Servicio de Parques y Jardines:
3.3.1 Plan Anual del Servicio de Parques y Jardines: DESCRIPCIÓN DEL SERVICIO BRINDADO
While Australia now has over 9,000 terrestrial legally protected areas at Commonwealth, state and territory level, representing 11.6 per cent of Australia’s terrestrial area, the nation continues to face major issues concerning biodiversity conservation. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Environmental Performance Review of 2007 observed that considerable gaps remain in the representation of ecosystem types.307 The Strategy for Australia’s National Reserve System 2009– 2030 notes:
Our biodiversity continues to decline, and many important ecological processes and threats operate at scales larger than individual protected areas. Climate change, along with invasive species, land use change and altered landscape hydrology, presents a major challenge for biodiversity conservation planning in Australia. While we need to accelerate our efforts to expand and better manage Australia’s National Reserve System, some of these threats will be best addressed at multiple scales—local, regional and landscape— through collaborative approaches that better coordinate conservation and management efforts on public and private lands.308
The Strategy specifies the following national targets for the National Reserve System:
• examples of at least 80 per cent of all regional ecosystems in each bioregion by 2015;
• examples of at least 80 per cent of all regional ecosystems in each subregion by 2025;
• core areas for the long-term survival of threatened ecosystems and threatened species habitats in each of Australia’s bioregions by 2030; and
• critical areas for climate change resilience, such as refugia, to act as core lands in broader landscape- scale approaches to biodiversity conservation by 2030.309
The Strategy indicates that state and territory governments will prepare five-year plans to implement the Strategy.310
303 EPBC Act, s 514R ff. 304 EPBC Act, s 514T.
305 Instructions for business plans and investment proposals, and information on funding under the National Reserve System can be accessed at DEWHA, Applying for funding, web page.
306 For further information, see DEWHA, Heritage grants and funding, web page. 307 OECD, 2007, p. 81. 308 Commonwealth of Australia, 2009b, p. 3. 309 Commonwealth of Australia, 2009b, p. 4. 310 Commonwealth of Australia, 2009b, p. 4. 161 162 163 164
Over the last two decades, with the initiation of the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment, concluded in 1992, together with subsequent agreements, and further work by the Council of Australian Governments, a more integrated approach has been forged between Commonwealth, state and territory governments. The cooperative arrangements now in place have resulted, amongst other things, in the National Reserve System, which should lead to more common management approaches being adopted by governmental agencies across Australia.
In relation to the marine environment, Australia has made some important additions over the last few decades, and is implementing the National Representative System of Marine Projected Areas, covering over 10 per cent of Australia’s exclusive economic zone.311 If the Coral Sea Conservation Zone established in 2009 becomes a declared Commonwealth reserve, the total area of protected waters will be considerably increased.
Taken as a whole, the Commonwealth, state and territory legislative and institutional framework represents a relatively strong and comprehensive regime for the establishment, conservation and management of both terrestrial and marine protected areas. Representatives of the various national parks and wildlife agencies around Australia now meet on a regular basis and cooperate in a wide range of endeavours. However, it is clear that despite these cooperative arrangements, as reflected in the EPBC Act with regard to biodiversity and the coordinated management of terrestrial and marine protected areas, new approaches are needed. The Strategy for Australia’s National Reserve System 2009–2030 demands a more closely integrated legislative and institutional national, state and territory regime. Further, the new paradigm of connectivity conservation requires strong legislative support at federal, state and territory level. The 2009 review of the EPBC Act provides a good deal of promise for new approaches, and it is to be hoped that its recommendations will be acted on in the not-too-distant future.
311 DEWHA, 2008b; OECD, 2007, p. 86.
165
166
Australia
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