PLAN CODIFICADO

inspiration o f the present poem. In A.D. 16, again, the fleet o f Germanicus was attacked by a heavy sea-storm which caused a great disaster; as Gow-Page observed, there is no report o f any defeat on land in this case (though “successes” and “misfortunes” in general were indeed mentioned by Tiberius in a letter recalling Germanicus to Rome: satis iam eventuum, satis casuum, Tac. Ann. 2.26): but the most important objection to this identification comes from the speculation that TiXfipupa denotes a flood-tide rather than a storm at sea. Valid as this argument may be, one might note that this occasion can not be excluded: Tacitus reports that the Romans, for all their misfortunes, made a new attempt against the Germans, whose general cry was “the Romans are invincible, proof against every disaster” (Tac. Ann. 2.25). As the historian attests, this demoralisation o f the Germans was reported to Rome from prisoners: it cannot be excluded, then, that the poet too heard this piece o f information in this way and used it as the material for the present epigram.

The confidence in Augustus and the safety his presence assures is a motif that recurs in Horace: Od. 3.14,14fF. ego nec tumultum ! nec moriper vim metuam tenente ! Caesart terras, 4.5,17ff, 25ff. quis Parthum paveat, quis gelidum Scythen, / quis

Germania quos horridaparturit / fetus, incolumi Caesare?, 4.14,43f, 4.15,17ff. Cf. also

^'^As a further reinforœment o f this assumption Norden (1917, 669, n. 2) cited certain cases o f peoples who have been (or who have been said to have been) driven away from their homes due to a flood which inundated their territories (Flor. 1.38, Strabo 7.2,1) but it does not seem veiy obvious how these cases o f natural tidal waves can be connected to their poetical extension to a metaphorical human “flood” o f enemies.

Mart. 2.91,1 Rerum certa salus, terrarum gloria, Caesar. For the attack o f enemies upon each other compared to a tempest in Homer see below on 5f.

If . : for the opening (oùô ’ f|i/...où8 ’ f|y) cf. Crin. l,lf . GP Kf|F...Kal fjv, see ad loc. For Homeric parallels for this form o f asyndeton cf. Od. 22.22Iff. oùôé tol ula? / ...oùôè Guyarpaç / ouô ’ dXoxov K€ôi^y, cf. oùô ’ ...Kal oùk (//. 1.96), see Chantraine (1963) 338f; for the figure oùôé...oùÔ€ in literature in general see K -G II (2) 294.

The poem is constructed on an àôùvaTOv which demonstrates the invincibility of Rome; not even if x happens (impossible) can Rome be injured; this type o f geographical adynaton can be found in a positive form (as long as x happens - which cannot be otherwise, e.g. as long as a ship goes fi'om the Nile into the sea, Posidippus GP H E

3142fiF. - will y take place; for epigrams see Dutoit 36fif.; for Latin together with Greek examples see Smith on Tib. 1.4,65-6) as well as in a negative one (first x - an adynaton - will happen and then will y come true, see Smith op. cit.. Canter 33 (type I), Gow on Theocr. 1.132; for both positive and negative adynata in Greek epigrams see Race 109f. Comparable to the present passage, as a piece o f court poetry, is Mart. 9.1, I f f , where natural elements are called upon to assert the firmness o f Domitian’s Templum gentis Flaviae (see further Henriksén [1] 55fiF.) Dum lanus hiemes, Domitianus autumnos, /

Augustus annis commodabit aestates, !... ! manebit altum, Flaviae decus gentis, etc. The present dôùraToi/ can be described as a “potential” one, cf. II. 9.379 oùô ’ el poi ô^KOLKL? re KOI ELKoodKig T o o a ôoLT|.../oùô’ o a ’ eg ’ O pxo|iev6v TTOTLVLoeTaL,.../ OÙÔ ’ el poL Tooa ôolt) ooa t/;dpa0ôs‘ re Kovig re, ! oùôé Kev wg e r i 0upov èpôv Treiaei ’ ’ Ayapepvwv, ktX., also Theogn. 701ff., Stat. Sil. 2.2,36ff. Archilochus 122,6ff. West offers an example o f geographical potential adynata, see Race 28; see also below on ctxpt K6 and r^ppavLT). .

’ Ü K ^ a v o g : like the image o f Germania “drinking” a river (see below on r6ppavLT|...TrLT]), Ocean also appears as a foil in an àôùvaTov in Latin literature: Sen.

Oed 505 Oceanus clausum dum fluctibus ambiet orbem (see Dutoit 127; for this Homeric sense o f Oceanus, as a river that encircles the world, see L S I s.v. 1).

Norden (1917, 669) observed that Ocean and the Rhine are often coupled in literature in regard to the area of Germany; for ’ ÜKeavôç (cf. FcppaviKos* ’ ÜKeavos* in Ptol. 2.3,4), standing for the Northern Sea, together with the Rhine, cf. Pliny N H 4.19

maria circa oram ad Rhenum septentrionalis oceanus (in an account o f the seas round the coast o f France). Tacitus speaks o f an island which “is washed by the Ocean in fi-ont but by the Rhine on its rear and sides, the insula Batavorum, modem Beturve, Hist. 4.12: in 5.23 he states that “the mouth o f the Maas discharges the water o f the Rhine into the Ocean”; the Rhine is attainable if one moves along the coast o f Oceanus, also id. Ann.

For adynata in general in Latin poetry see Shackleton-Bailey (1956) 277, Hine on Sen. Med. 373-4; for a discussion o f the figure as a stylistic feature see Rowe passim. For geographical adynata see Dutoit

1.63, Germ. 34. Cf. also Zosim. 4.35,4 TTapaxpfiM.a to v wkçqvôv vaual ôiapavreç TOL? TOÛ 'Pt^vou Trpoowpp.io&qoav eKpoXats“, Lib. 3.137 ”E o t l yévog KeXriKov UTTèp'Pfjvov 7T0Tap.ôv €TT ’ ovTOv 0)K6av0v KaOfjKOV, Dio 39.49,1, 44.42,4, 54.32,2, Athen. 279a-b, Strabo 7.2,4. For the Mare Germanicum as a sub-division o f the Northern Ocean see K. F. Smith 460.

T rd a a v : cf. the similar image in Qu. Sm. 14.635 Trdoav àv€TrXf|p.|iupe OdXaaaav.

TTX'puupa: the word can mean flood or a tidal wave, never in extant literature a storm; but this does not totally prevent us from relating the occasion to the events o f 16 B.C., see intr. note. The Homeric and classical form is rrXripupig, c f Od. 9.486 (dTia^ Xeyopevov in Homer), where the word describes the tidal wave caused by the rock Polyphemus cast at Odysseus’ ship; for the derivation o f the word from ttXthit], “flood- tide” (for which cf. for instance Polyb. 20.5,11), like aX|iupiç> dX|JiT| see Bechtel 1914, 2 7 8f, also Et. M . s.v. rrXrippupLç, see below; as flood-tide cf. Hdt. 8.129, Ap. Rh. 2.576; metaphorically Aesch. Ch. 185 OTayoves* ctc^paaroL Sixixtpou nXripupLSoç (o f tears), also cf. Eur. Ale. 184. The later form rrXfipupa first in Theophrastus Sign. 29, then for instance in Dion. Hal. 1.72, Plut. Rom. 3. The correct form of the word was a subject of controversy in Antiquity; Photius in his Lex. says s.v.: TrXfjppupa* ou nXqiiq Xcktcov* kqI TrXqppupLÔa. The Corrector and Planudes have nXfjppupa, printed by Dübner and Paton, while P reads nXqpupa; sometimes the word is spelled TrXriiip- (for instance Schol. on Od 9.486, see below; this spelling also in Et. Mag. s.v. TrXrippupLs*, despite the statement about the word’s derivation, incompatible with the spelling -p.fi-: touto ànè TOÙ TrXfjOo) TTXf|ow TrXffpri kql TrXrippupa), as if from ttXt|v and pupw, see Schmidt II 263. The paroxytone form o f the word is a later form also used in modem Greek, see Andriotes s.v. irXqppupa.

e y e iP T i: Gow-Page cite Hdt. 7.49,2 èyeipofiévou and Dion. Perieg. 202 TrXriiiupls* èyçLpeTai; add Sext. Emp. 719 éairrw yap eyeipei xaxwu TrXf|ppupav. r€ p |ia v iT )...T T iT f: the present image recalls another àôuvarov (o f the type first x will happen, then y will come true, see on I f ) , and it could be suggested that Crinagoras has it in mind; Norden (1917, 673f.) already observed the similarity with a Vergilian passage, probably echoed in Seneca: Virg. Buc. 1.61ff.^^^ ante... I out Ararim Parthus bibet out Germania Tigrim, / quam etc.: the impossible here, serving also as a foil, is that the Germans will drink from a river so far away; similarly Seneca uses the dôuvaTOV of Indians drinking from Araxes and Persians from the Rhine, M ed 373f. For the expression “drinking the river” in the sense “dwell in the area where the river flows”, cf. Crin. 28,5f. GP, see ad loc. According to this reading the meaning here should be “even if Germans dwell on the whole o f the Rhine” but one can wonder whether the exaggeration o f this statement would be striking enough to justify the emphasis needed for the priamel (cf.

intr. note). As Gow-Page note, Norden's suggestion (see Norden 1917, 673fiF.) that ttlt] stands here for èKiriT), comparing Hdt. 7.21 (where the water o f the rivers o f Greece is drunk dry by the Persian invading troops: kolov ôè mv6[Lev6v piv üôwp oùk

èîTéXLTTe, tc5v peydXwv rroTapwi/;) cannot be excluded: in that case the phrase implies a huge invasion across the Rhine, see intr. note. Paton suggested that the phrase means “not though the Germans become so numerous that they drink up the Rhine, as Xerxes’ army drunk up whole rivers”.

To mitigate the difiSculty o f the expression, Alan GriflBths suggests ' Pfjvoy dTravr d<|)Lr); for the usé o f the verb with connection to water cf. for instance Dio Cass. 75.13,4 T€ oibv ôlù rauTa TreTrXTjpcoTaL kcCi to uôwp èÇ aùrfi? TTapTTXïiGè? UTTÔ TÔ Ôépoç d(j)iT)oiy (o f Mount Atlas), Arist. ProbL 935b25 f) ôè TTriyf] ouya(|)LT|OL P6TÙ TOU ùôuToç Kul yfjy, Joh. Chrys. Inprinc. act. P G Migne 51.88,28 oùÔè TÔy AlyÙTTTLoy NetXoy, oùôè TÔy ’ lyôôy rdyyr|y, àXXà jiupious* dc^triaL TTOTapoùs* auTT| f) THiyfi, the subject o f à.<^iévai being an area or, more usually, the spring.^^® Another suggestion can be 'Pfjyoy dnayTa if), as léyai is also not uncommonly used for a river or a spring, (L S I s.v. I 4), cf. II. [21.158] ’ A^iou, os* KdXXiOToy ùôwp ETTi yaiay iT^aiy, Aesc. Pr. 812 Bu(3Xiywy opwy qtto / iTjioi oeTTToy NeiXos* evirorov péoç, Od. 7.130 (Kpf)yr|) ir|ai^ 11.239 os* ttoXu xdXXioTos* TTOToip.wy èm yaiay iTjoi (the verb is used intransitively in the passages from the

Ocfyssey). In II. 12.24ff. the image is comparable to the present one, as we hear about the future destruction o f the wall o f the Achaeans by Zeus’ rain, Poseidon’s sea-waves and Apollo’s turning the rivers o f Troy against it: Twy irdyTwy opooe OTopuT ’ eTpane 4>ol(3os* ’ ArroXXwy, / eyyfjpap 6 ’ ès* Teixos* lei pooy, k tX. For the poet’s indifference at hiatus, see intr. under Metre, Hiatus.

The consonantalization o f i+vowel in reppdyiri (which Gow-Page call synizesis, but see West 1982, 14) occurs again in the same word in the same sedes in Crin. 28,4 GP; elsewhere in the Garland o f Philip only in Diodes AP 7.393,4=GP GP 2081 ^xioiis*. For the occasional similar trisyllabic scansion o f AiyuTTTLT) from Homer to Nonnus (for instance//- 9.382, Od 4.83, NonnusD. 3.282, a l), see Borthwick 433.

' PojpiTlg 8 ’ : Gow-Page held that ô é “is rather likelier to be original than intrusive here”, citing Timocreon PM G fr. l,lfif and two Homeric examples o f the appearance o f ô é in the apodosis o f conditional clauses, Od. 16.274f. ei ô é p ’ dTipfjoouoi— / a o y ô é c ^ iX o y K f jp / T6T X d T0), 276f. f j y T r e p . - . e X K w a i. . ./ o ù ô ’ e i o o p o w y d y é x ^ o O a i ; such an occurrence is in fact characteristic of epic diction and appears frequently in Herodotus (cf. further//. 4.262, 5.260, a l, Hdt. 3.36, 4.65, 68, 94, a l, see Monro 305fiF., Denniston 180) from which one can infer that Crinagoras is indeed consciously using a Homeric

For water as anoffensive weapon cf. for instance Scamander’s assault on Achilles (//. 21.234ff.), Poseidon’s waves sent against Odysseus {Od. 5.366f.) and Hippolytus (Eur. Hipp. 1205fif).

idiom and there is no need to doubt P’s wording. For more examples o f ôé in the in poetry (Find. O. 3 A3, Soph. O T 302, Ant. 234), see Denniston 181.

0Û8 ’ o a a o v : “not in the least”, a common expression in Hellenistic poetry, cf. Call. H.

2.36f. ouTTOTe 4>OLpou / OriXeLaLS* oùô ’ ooooi/ é m xi/009 f)X0€ TrapetaLs* with Williams W /o c ., Ap. Rh. 1.482 019 oùô’ 0001/ loo^xipLCeiç / f|vopéT]v, 2.181, 2.189, 4.1700. In the Anthology cf. Asclep. 12.153,2 oùô ’ oaoov ttqlCwv els* ep émoTpéc^Toii, Call. 12.150,9 o ù ô ’ oaov àrTdpayôv ae ôeôoLKapes*, Mel. 5.139,4 0ÙÔ ’ oaov dp7TV€uaaL ^aiov éwai xpow v; for lists o f passages see Gow on Theocr. 9.20, Headlam on Herodas 7.33.

BXctt^ei aOévQÇ; cf. the coinage o f the adjective aOevopXapfis', “weakening”, [Opp.]

Cyn. 2.82 aOevopXapéoç KuOepeiriç. 'EQévoç is here employed according to its later usage describing moral strength as well as physical, cf. Aesch. Pr. 105 dvdyKT]? aOévoç, Soph, o r 369 Tfjs* dXrjOeiaç aOévoç.

While in Homer pXdTTT6Lv means “disable” {II. 21.571, Od. 13.22), or “distract the mind” (o f gods, Od 14.178), in the present poem it has the post-Homeric sense “injure”; ^XdirreLv tt)v ttoXlv occurs in App. BC 2.131 and Hann. 28, with two accusatives, in the sense o f “lose”.

d y p i K6 IIIU V T ): cf. Call. ff. 388,9 péxpi9 k€ pévT] péyaç €lv dXl pùôpoç.^^^ Without any certain knowledge about the context o f the lines, it is evident from this and the following verse (dxpi TéxT) ITaXXd[9 ydpo?] ’ Ap[T]épLÔi) that a series of dôùvara is called upon to demonstrate the impossibihty o f another situation (perhaps the overturning of Berenice’s happiness or her failing to fulfil a vow, see Pfeiffer ad loc.), if Crinagoras has the Callimachean passage in mind,^^^ he reverses the structure o f the dôùvQTOv, as the péxpi? K6 of Callimachus introduces the foil, while in Crinagoras the similar temporal expression belongs to the climax.

For K€ following conjunctions introducing subordinate clauses in Homer (wg K6V, o(|)pa K€, 6<^pa k’ , k tX .) see Chantraine (1963) 347f.

ô e ^ id a T )|ia iy 6 iV : as Stadtmüller observed, the phrase echoes Arat. 5f. 6 Ô ’ fiTTLO? dvOpwTToiai / ôe^Ld aripaiveL (on Zeus, which recalls II. 9.236 Zevç...èvbé^ia

afip ara (|)aLvwv, see Kidd and Hainsworth on Aratus and Homer loco. citt. respectively); thus the poet achieves an allusive parallelism o f Caesar with Zeus, cf. Crin. 23,5f. GP, where the equation o f Octavian with the father o f the gods is also implied through a passage from Aratus, see ad loc. For the popularity o f the Phaenomena in the court o f Octavian, see on l,lf . GP pli|;T]S“...aauTÔv.

According to Pfeiffer; Trypanis supplements (jxii/fj.

^^^An assumption further reinforced by the fact that the incident Callimachus is referring to (the Phoceans abandoning their city and throwing a red-hot lump into the sea, vowing that they w ill never return as long as the lump remained under water, see Hdt. 1.165) is a well-known proverbial acfynaton, cf. Hor. Epod. 16.25-35, see Dutoit 85, Rowe 394 with n.22, Pfeiffer on Call. fr. 388,9.

For the usé o f ori^iaLveLv o f oracles see LSJ s.v. I 3; this word introduces the reader to the image o f the sacred oak-trees o f Zeus and smoothes the passage from the opening image o f the waves to the closing image o f trees, see below on 5f. The dative KataapL belongs to 0apaoXér| and ôçÇtà oripaLvcLv is a loose epexegesis (for the infinitive as an apposition or an epexegesis see K -G I I [2] 43). Hillscher suggested K a iaa pa, in a construction similar to Soph. Ani. 668ff. toutov dv to v dvôpa ôapaoLr)v èyw / KoXcaç p-èv dpx^LV, eu ô ’ dv dpx^oGai GéXeiv /...péveiv ÔLKatov KdyaOôv îrapaaraTTiv.

9 a p a a X é rj: the adjective in Homer is usually attributed to TToXep.iorfiS' (//• 5.602, 6.493, 22.269, a l). In the Anthology it occurs at the end o f the pentameter also in Marc. Arg. or Phld. 6.246,6 (for Stadtmüller’s suggestion KapxoXer|v see G-P on GP 1390; for the authorship see Sider intr. note to 35); in a predicative usé, ' comparable to the present one, cf. Call. H. 3.80 p.dXa OapaaXeri...npoaeXé^ao, 4.200 OapaaX^Tj rd 8 ’ eke^as (for the supplement of these words by later codices see Pfeiffer ad loc.). For the adjective describing a people cf. anon. AP 9.125,1 OapaoXéoL KeXrot.

as Rubensohn noted, the image recalls II. 12.132flf eoraaav cos* ore re Spues* oupeoLv uc|;iKdpr|voi / at T dvepov p.ipvouoi xal uerov fjiia ra Trdvra / PlCt]cjlv peydXTioL SuiveKÉeoo ’ àpapuiai and Virg. Aen. 4.441ff, where Aeneas’ decisiveness is compared to oaks which resist the battering o f the winds. The Homeric passage seems to constitute the model o f Ap. Rh. 3.968ff, where Jason and Medea are compared to oaks or firs, see Hunter on Ap. Rh 3.967-72; comparison o f people to trees is common in literature, especially in a description o f stability and firmness, CatuU. 64.105ff., Virg. Aen. 7.586fF.; oaks are particularly relevant to this feature, cf. Hor. Od.

3.10,17, Ov. Met. 8.743, Bomer on Ov. Met. 8.743-4. Here Crinagoras, in a variation of the traditional pattern, compares not two individual units (tree-man) but two situations, as he does in 10 GP: Marcellus first cut his beard after coming back victorious from the western war as his homeland wished to send him a boy and receive him a man. Another famous image with oak-trees shaken by the wind is the Sapphic comparison fr. 47 L-P, its closest literary parallel being Hes. Op. 509ff, see EUiger 164.

The attack o f a hero or a group o f warriors on the enemy is occasionally compared to a tempest in Homer: for Hector II. 11.297f. (laos* deXXr], ktX.), 305f. (a)S*...(3aOeLT) XaiXaTTL tutttojv), 13.137ff. (a boulder, pushed by the winter rain); for two throngs o f enemies falling on one another//. 13.334fF., 13.395fif, see also Edwards on II.

17.53-60, Hainsworth on 11.297, cf. Janko on 13.795-9. The image o f oak-trees being stripped o f their leaves but remaining firm in their place might also be seen as an oppositio in imitando of It. 17.55ff: here the fallen Euphorbus is compared to an olive-tree which quivers gently in the breezes full o f its white blossoms, but is brought to earth by the sudden tempest; Crinagoras’ oak-trees, on the contrary, lose some o f their leaves in the tempest but continue to stand upright thanks to their stable roots. While the poem opens

with the image o f a storm at sea, and Rhine’s waves, finally the stability o f Rome is not